1。 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street。 Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast。 I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side。 But it was too late。 The car hit my bike and I fell off it。
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard。 On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover。 Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short。 What could he do? Then he had a good idea。
2。 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的',这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3。 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4。 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things。 Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao。 It is really a beautiful city。 There are many places of interest to see。 But what impressed me most was the sunrise。
The next morning I got up early。 I was very happy because it was a fine day。 By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red。 In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing。 The sun was very red, not shining。 It rose slowly。 At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball。 At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright。
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5。 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something。 Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front。 I thought maybe someone was knocking the door。 I asked who it was but I heard no reply。 After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor。 I realized it was the cat。 I felt released。
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something。 "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front。 Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply。 After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor。 "It's you。" I said, quite released。
我喜欢夏天,因为夏天有许多地方在引诱我!
引诱1:能游泳.在炎热的夏天里,游泳是我最最喜欢的项目和乐趣.每逢空闲,我第一时间就是拿着救生圈,身穿游泳衣直往泳池奔去.引诱2:吃.吃,当然是人类必不可少的.在炎热的夏天里,我总手里拿着两个冰淇淋,边看电视边吃冰淇淋,这简直是一种享受.引诱3:能享受冷气.晚上,拿着一本书在津津有味地看着,迎面扑来阵阵清新的冷气……
夏落秋至,夏天快又过去了……
Last Sunday, Jim went out to fly a kite. The kite flew highly in the sky. Jim ran with it happily.
Suddenly the line was broken and the kite flew away. Soon it disappeared. Where was it?
Jim had no idea. So he had to run here and there to look for the kite. At last he saw it on the top of the tree. He tried to get it down. But he couldn’t. He felt sad.
导入:
第1段:Recently we’ve had a discussion about whether we should... (导入话题
Our opinions are divided on this topic.(观点有分歧
正文:
第2段:Most of the students are in favour of it.(正方观点
Here are the reasons. First... Second... Finally...(列出2~3个赞成的理由
第3段:However, the others are strongly against it. (反方观点
Their reasons are as follows. In the first place... What’s more... In addition...(列出2~3个反对的理由
结论:
第4段:Personally speaking, the advantages overweigh the disadvantages, for it will do us more harm than good, so I support it.(个人观点 オ
我不大喜欢夏天,但能领略夏天的许多好处。
夏天会使人变得年轻。一到夏天,你不得不卸下厚实的外衣,连同收起那古板肃穆的面孔。让肌肤与太阳天天亲近,心胸受熏风夜夜爱抚。大汗淋淋之际,去洗一个热水浴,再捧出一盆冰西瓜,仰脸躺在瓜棚小院内,此时最不拘小节,最自由自在。夏天是打牌、聊天、讲故事的好辰光。你可以和孩子一起“拱猪”,一起钻桌子,一起数天上有几颗星星;或眺望黝黑的苍穹,诉说鹊桥银河的爱慕思恋,于是,儿时的童趣与青年时代的豪兴,一一齐凑到眼前,在追溯和幻想中年轻十岁。
夏天令人感到人生的多彩。翠绿的大自然在热浪中渐显幽深和成熟。茉莉如雪,紫薇带蓝,接天莲叶无穷碧,映日荷花别样红。大街上走过一群少男少女,仿佛飘过一朵七彩的云霓。大都市令人眩目的夏装琳琅满目,叫你说不出哪种颜色最美丽。夏天从来就不甘寂寞,淡雅和浓艳,都可以成为夏的象征。
夏天最能考验一个人的毅力。因为闷热,便滋生出许多烦躁。意志薄弱的人,爽快地把夏天让位给无聊、懒散、游荡和倦怠;意志坚强的人,却分外珍惜夏天,珍惜夏天的光阴,也就延长了你的生命。在酷暑炎热中驾起充实的生命之舟,在磨炼中赢得时间老人的恩赐,让生命的每一刻不为之虚度。
夏天是最浪漫的季节。夏日的山水毫无羞涩地敞开自己的胸怀,让游人从容地欣赏它的雄奇,它的妖娆。夏天最有趣的节目是看海,去沙滩听潮声,嬉浪不夜天,或去唱卡拉OK,或去看通宵电影,在无风的夏夜默默期待东方第一缕曙光升起。夏天有许多缠绵的话可说,不说也可品味夏日情调的温馨。
人生旅程中的夏天往往太短促。才过三十,已届不惑,夏天很快成为甜蜜的回忆。但那如火如茶的岁月不会轻易淡忘,即使夹杂着难言的惆怅,也将在你两鬓如霜时勾起不尽的牵挂,唤起你思绪的百般依恋,撞击你心灵的再次震荡。
在夏天,不要埋怨熏风无常蝉声鸣,也无须讨厌蚊子夜夜扰清梦。每一个季节就是人生的一个台阶,纵然有挫折,有烦恼,有天崩地裂,有心灵创伤,有徘徊不定,有二度死亡,只须心有所钟不虚度,壮志未酬,遗恨成霜,也足以问心无愧,留得真情在人间。
歌唱夏天,也就是歌唱热爱生命的人。只要你热爱生命,无论是酷暑还是寒冬,也将如温情的春天、潇洒的'秋天一样,一样壮丽,一样迷人。
导入:
第1段:提出一种现象或某个决定作为议论的话题
As a student, I am strongly in favour of the decision. (亮明自己的观点是赞成还是反对
The reasons for this may be listed as follows. (过渡句,承上启下
正文:
第2段:First of all... Secondly... Besides...(列出2~3个赞成或反对的`理由
结论:
第3段:In conclusion, I believe that... (照应第1段,构成"总—分—总"结构
一进公园大门,就感到一股新鲜空气的气息。听不见马路上车声喧哗;闻不到汽车吐出滚滚浓烟的气味,一丝丝泥土的清香随着一缕缕轻盈的云雾扑鼻而入。
早晨,好清爽!踏上一条幽径,鸟儿用婉转的歌声欢迎我,蛐蛐亲昵地呼唤我的名字。我感觉一切都好可爱!在路两旁长满了苍天大树。抬头望,只见一片绿色,仿佛我们置身于一个绿色的大篷帐。微风习习,送来阵阵凉意,树叶也沙沙作响,宛如一支充满柔情的小曲。顺着幽径不走多远,一泓美丽的湖映入眼帘。湖如一块翡翠镶嵌在这迷人的风情公园,被众星拱月。又如一面明镜映着风情公园红的花,绿的树,映出风情公园所有美丽的东西。这时,微风吹来,湖面波纹成群结队,一波接一波向岸边游去。湖水顿时像一块揉皱的绵绸,懒洋洋的躺在阳光下。人们划着小舟在湖上游览着如同仙境一般的风情公园,真是‘舟行碧波上,人在画中游。’啊!在远处,还有一座小桥,这小桥镶嵌在这里,就像一根玉丝带围在湖的脖子上,把湖打扮的更美丽,如同西子一般。
就这么走着,只见一片荷花池。一朵荷花含苞欲放,隐隐约约的藏在荷花之中,仿佛一位害羞而娇滴滴的.少女,生怕让那些树木看到她娇小玲珑的面孔;一朵还是花骨朵儿,他挺着肚皮,仿佛胀的马上就要爆开似的;还有一朵荷花是最高最美的,她就像一位高贵优雅的王后,鹤立鸡群!她粉嘟嘟的,好似抹上了淡淡的胭脂,一片片花瓣均匀绽放,好像纯洁灿烂的笑颜。旁边,一片片荷叶如此嫩绿,它绿的耀眼,绿的透明,这清新的绿色仿佛在流动,流进我的眼睛,流进我的心胸。在绿盘之上,一颗颗顽皮淘气的小露珠把它当作跳跳床蹦啊蹦,跳啊跳,传来一阵阵欢乐的气氛。看着眼前一幕幕景色,所有的人都完全陶醉了,此时此刻,我也完全陶醉在这风情公园之中。
啊!风情公园,你让我在您的怀抱中返璞归真了!
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