一、说明文阅读理解的特征 一般说来,英语说明文与其它文体一样,文章所涉及的内容不外乎以下几个方面,即Who→What→When→Where→How→Why。
1. Who:问的是这篇文章的主体是谁?(即所要说明和描述的人或事物)
2. What:问的是主体做了什么事情?(即主体表现出的特性、功能和用途)
3. When和Where:是在何时何地发生的`?(即何时何地所表现出的特性、功能和用途)
4. How:通过什么方式表现出来的?
5. Why:这种特性功能用途的原因是什么?
做说明文阅读阅读的时候,一定要记住上面的Wh-word。边阅读,边搜记,牢记要点,把握全文。
二.说明文阅读理解的类型 掌握说明文阅读理解题的类型对考生来说非常有必要。一般来说,高考对阅读理解的命题类型主要有以下几种:
1. 细节理解题
说明文中考查的细节理解题大致与记叙文相似。命题区域都有其共同点。⑴在列举处命题。如用First(1y、Second(1y、Third(1yFinally、not only…but also、then、in addition等表示顺承关系的词语列举出事实。试题要求考生从列举出的内容中选出符合题干要求的答案项。⑵在例证处命题。句中常用由as、such as、for example、for instance等引导的短语或句子作为例证,这些例句或比喻就成为命题者设问的焦点。⑶在转折对比处命题。一般通过however、but、yet、in fact等词语来引导。对比用unlike、until、not so much…as等词语引导,命题者常对用来对比的双方属性进行考查。⑷在比较处命题。无端的比较、
相反的比较、偷换对象的比较,经常出现在干扰项中,考生要标记并且关注到原文中的比较,才能顺利地排除干扰。⑸在复杂句中命题。包括同位词、插入语、定语、从句、不定式等,命题者主要考查考生对句子之间的指代关系和语法关系。
细节类问题一般都能在原文中找到出处,只要仔细就可以在文中找到答案。但正确的选择项不可能与阅读材料的原文完全相同,而是用不同的语句成句型表达相同的意思。
2. 语义猜测题 说明文为了把自然规律,事物的性质等介绍清楚或把事理阐述明白,因此学术性强的生词较多,所以常进行生词词义判断题的考查。命题方式多以The underlined part “…” in Paragraph…refers to….或What does the underlined word mean?或What is the meaning of the underlined word?为设问方式。解题时考生应认真阅读原文,分析其对某些科学原理是如何定义、如何解释的,并以此为突破口抽象概括出生词词义。也可以通过上下文来猜测某个陌生词语的语意。或者找出某个词语在文章中的同义词。要注意破折号、同位语从句、定语从句、插入句等具有解释、说明作用的语言成分。说明文在阐述说明对象时易发生动作变换、人称转变的现象,这类题目常以 it,they,them 等代词为命题点,因此考生要根据上下文语境,认真阅读原文,分析动作转换背景,弄清动作不同执行者,以便准确判断代词的其实际指代对象。
3. 主旨理解题
说明文常用文章大意判断题考查考生对通篇文意的理解。即对文章的主题或中心意思的概括和归纳。主要考查考生对文章的整体理解能力。命题形式常以This passage mainly talks about ____.What is the main idea of the passage?为设问方式。这种试题多以This passage mainly talks about the major
surprising findings about….为回答方法。答题时首先阅读题干,掌握问题的类型,了解试题题干以及各个选项所包含的信息,然后有针对性地对文章进行扫读,对有关信息进行快速定位,再将相关信息进行整合、甄别、分析、对比,有根有据地排除干扰项,选出正确答案。
4. 判断推理题。
这种试题常以The passage is intended to...(2 The author suggests that...(3 The story implies that…(4 Which point of view may the author agree to?(5 From the passage we can conclude that...(6 The purpose of the passage is to...为设问方式。这种题型的答案在原文中不是直接就能找到的,它要求考生进行合理的推断。如因果关系,文中的某些用词、语气也往往具有隐含意义,考生要将这种含义读出来。说明文常出现图示判断题,这种试题可以事物之间正确的依赖关系为命题点,要求考生判断其正确的流程顺序相互关系等。考生一定要认真阅读原文,并对照原文介绍的情况,弄清图示的差异,根据题干需要最终做出正确判断。如:动物介绍性说明文常出现动物能力判断题,考查考生对特定动物所具有能力的判断。解题时考生应认真阅读原文对动物形态活动能力的判断,了解动物的生存环境和是否会使用工具,是否善于爬行、飞翔和游泳等。
观点态度题也是判断推理题考查的内容之一。说明文的对象为客观事实,但设题以议论的表达方式抒发对该说明对象的想法。如对某种新发明的赞赏,或对某个事物的批判。这类题目常见的题干表达方式有"What was the author?s attitude towards ...?" 等。
【实例探究】 Northwest China is part of the sandstorm centre in Central Asia. Sandstorms begin in desert areas. Sandstorms in China appear to have increased in recent years as a result of "desertification". This is a process that happens when land becomes desert because of climate changes and because people cut down trees and dig up grass.
【问题设计】
According to the passage which is NOT likely to cause "desertification"?
A. Climate changes. B. Cutting down trees.
C. Digging up grass. D. Saving water.
寒窗苦读十二载,只为一朝榜上名。这虽然是古代学子为了功名成就而苦读的意义,但在当今的中国社会状况下,读书也是为了榜上有名,也是为了能够上名牌大学。高考,在现阶段也是不能改变的社会制度。假想,如果有一天没有了高考,所有的孩子都没有了考大学了压力。那么也许就会有国家人才出现伤仲永的情况吧!由此来看,高考对于这个发展中国家的发展是如此重要,至少通过这项考试可以为国家选拔优秀人才吧!
不过,话说回来,站在社会和国家的.角度来看,高考时再完美不过了,再也没有什么选拔考试比高考更公平公正了。但站在一个学生的角度来讲,高考却是决定一个学生一生命运的钥匙。如果一个学生能在千千万万的学子中脱颖而出,那他也算得上优秀。但并不是所有的学生都能适应这种优胜劣汰的环境,有许多学生因为承受不住高考的压力,而上演了许多悲剧。
例如:2009年6月8日,沈阳一考生由于7日的考试发挥中欠佳,感觉考取大学希望渺茫,于是从四楼跳下,导致身上多出骨折。其实每年的高考之后或之前都会有这种事情发生。我不相信在老师“举素质教育之旗,走应试教育之路”思想的指导下,这些考生的心灵会变得如此脆弱,这些人就算以后走入了社会又有什么座作为呢?
其实不然,我身边也有一位为考试而学习的朋友,不知道她是否真正爱学习,还是无法摆脱这种压力,每天拼命拼命地学习,,学习,还因为考试不好经常哭鼻子,在她的身上,我看到了高考让一个人湮灭了个性,湮灭了创新,但提高了年级排名。
高考,对一个人的成长起到了很大的影响,无论它的利与弊,它始终会让一个人成长为更加强壮的人,它给每一个学生带来或好或坏的影响,关键看这个人怎样面对这种残酷的竞争,是否适应这种社会制度。
所以高考尽管残酷,但它毕竟是最公平公正的竞争,我们应该认同与适应,竟将它作为让自己走向成功的一条路。
Long, long ago, there were two brothers, the one rich and the other poor. When Christmas Eve came, the poor one had not a bite in the house, either of meat or bread; so he went to his brother, and begged him, in God's name, to give him something for Christmas Day. It was by no means the first time that the brother had been forced to give something to him, and he was not better pleased at being asked now than he generally was.
"If you will do what I ask you, you shall have a whole ham," said he. The poor one immediately thanked him, and promised this.
"Well, here is the ham, and now you must go straight to Dead Man's Hall," said the rich brother, throwing the ham to him.
"Well, I will do what I have promised," said the other, and he took the ham and set off. He went on and on for the livelong day, and at nightfall he came to a place where there was a bright light.
"I have no doubt this is the place," thought the man with the ham.
An old man with a long white beard was standing in the outhouse, chopping Yule logs.
"Good-evening," said the man with the ham.
"Good-evening to you. Where are you going at this late hour?" said the man.
"I am going to Dead Man's Hall, if only I am on the right track," answered the poor man.
"Oh! yes, you are right enough, for it is here," said the old man. "When you get inside they will all want to buy your ham, for they don't get much meat to eat there; but you must not sell it unless you can get the hand-mill which stands behind the door for it. When you come out again I will teach you how to stop the hand-mill, which is useful for almost everything."
So the man with the ham thanked the other for his good advice, and rapped at the door.
纪录篇:
为了备战2015亚洲杯和2018年世界杯,中国队忍痛放弃2015美洲杯和本届世界杯;
在80多年世界杯的历史长河中,中国队是所有参加世界杯球队中失球最少的;而且只有三支球队曾击败过中国队;
在历届世界杯中,中国队只丢了9个球;
从来没有一支球队能够在世界杯上击败过中国队两次;
也从未有球员能在与中国队的对阵中打进两球以上。
魔咒篇:
现今产生的.8支世界杯冠军也只有巴西曾经战胜过中国,且通过1任意球和1点球的形式获胜,胜之不武;
巴蒂托蒂范尼鲁尼C罗梅西等巨星从未在中国队身上进过球,这也导致他们一直无法获得世界杯金靴。
世界杯因中国队诞生神奇定律:跟中国同组的球队不是冠军就是季军,这也决定了国足悲情英雄的角色;
虽然有恐韩症,但是韩国却从来未在世界杯赛场击败过中国队;
没有任何一支非洲球队能在世界杯上战胜中国队,哪怕是逼平;
荣誉篇:
中国神锋郜郜林斯曼在世界杯入球仅比梅西少一球;
现役国足门将曾诚从未在世界杯丢过球;
中国队从未在世界杯点球大战中失利过;
中国球员是团队足球的象征,所有参加世界杯的球员的进球数、助攻数竟然都是相同的;
中国队是最沉稳的球队,在领先的情况下从未丢过球;
中国队是球场道德典范,在参加的所有世界杯中仅邵佳一领过红牌;
过去两届世界杯中国队未丢一球未尝一败;有人预测未来三届世界杯中国队也有可能达到如此高度;球衣绣星代表获得冠军次数,目前敢在胸前绣五颗星的球队只有中国队和巴西队。什么是不朽,完美就是不朽,国足就是不朽。
Life has its ups and downs, and only true friends always stay around. Like anyone else, I have got many friends. They often help me when I’m in trouble. Especially, when I fail in an examination, they always care for me and encourage me to study harder. Last year, when I was hurt in a basketball game, my friends took me to the nearby hospital at once and look after me by turns. In my eyes, friends are the most precious wealth that one should treasure all his life.
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