(1定义法(Definition
(2例说法(Example
(3分类法(Classification
(4分析法(Analysis
(5类比法(Analogy
(6比较法或对比法(ComparisonOrContrast
[注]说明文中亦可穿插以描写文与叙述文的写作方法。
说明文是写作最常用到的体裁,其最常用的方法就是将事物加以解说。例如,说明事物的过程,说明事物的因果,说明事物的状态等等。对人物来说,说明该人物的处境,说明该人物的想法,说明该人物的背景等等。如果要将描述文与说明文作一严格区分的话,那就是描述文重官能的观察与感受,而说明文重头脑的分析与理性的研判。对事物的体验是一同事,而对事物的彻底了解又是另一同事。体验是官能的,而了解却是观念上的问题。闻到花是香的,乃是官能上的,而花为什么是香的,却是知识性的观念上的`问题。前者是描述文的范围,后者则是说明文的范围。
知识性的东西我们可从百科全书,字典辞源,各科手册,以及语言的文法修辞等书籍来获得。但这些仅是资料而已,要将资料变成一篇文章还需要文字的组织能力。我们可以这样说,说明文是一种实用的写作方法,将人类的知识系统化,这可以说是一种其功至伟的写作方法。
说明文最简单的方法就是例证法:将详细资料表列,一一举证,以说明什么是什么,怎样发生,结果怎样。另外两种较复杂的说明文是分析法与定义法:其方法必用到归类法与等级法。例如,要说明一件机器的操作,就必须把这件机器加以归类,引述其功能目的。又如,要了解一条鲸鱼,首先要将其归为哺乳类,因为它是胎生动物而非卵生鱼类。而后再进而分析鲸鱼中许多不同的类别。定义法以研究其事物的必然性为主,不涉及其他。
说明文中当有比较法与对照法,必须用此类方法的原因,乃是有些抽象事物无法具体归类,于是只好用类例来此较对照之;即以类例说出与其相关的概念,使读者容易接受其概念。
Dear Daddy,
亲爱的爸爸,
Thank you very much for your letter written to me. In your letter , you not only expressed your expectation to me , but also showed all your love to me . I was deeply moved . Thanks again ,Daddy .You said ," I hope you get bravery and perseverance, and can quickly grasp living skills like a lion ". Now I want to tell you that I will try my best to do everything well and live up to your expectations . Dear father , you are a great lion in my mind .
谢谢你给我写信。在信中,你不仅仅表达了你对我的期望,还展示了你对我所有的爱。我深深感动了。再次谢谢你,爸爸。你说,“我希望你能够变得勇敢和有耐心,并且能像狮子般快速的掌握生活技能。”现在我想说我会尽我最大的.努力把所有事情都做好来达到你的期望。亲爱的爸爸,你是我心中的狮子。
When I am absent mind , when I am depressed, you , my dear father is always there . Your advice and encouragement guide me through many difficulties . Thank you , Dad, for your help and understanding. I love you , Dad ,forever!
当我茫然、绝望时,是你,我亲爱的爸爸永远都在我身边。你的建议和勇气引导我克服许多的困难。谢谢你,爸爸,谢谢你的帮助和理解。我永远爱你,爸爸。
This is my first week in ** Senior Middle School.Everything here is new for me.Our school is an old school but it`s very beautiful.I have 50 new classmates in my class.They`re all very excellent, I think, and I felt a little sad.Because I`m too common.But come to think of it,it`s a very good thing.I believe I can also be very excellent if I study with such excellent classmates.I didn`t know why Ms *** chose me to be the committee of study.But I know it`s a good chance for me to raise my ability.All I can do is do my best in the future.I am sure that Ms *** and my classmates can help me when I do something wrong. Because they`re all very kind.It`s a pleasure to work and study with them.I`m really very happy.I`m not an outstanding student in this class,but I can do the same thing like others.I believe I won`t make anyone disappointed.
今年五月在大学生电影节一次有关电视电影研讨会上,有学者提出;电视电影应该灵活多样,对它的时长不能有所限制,应该是长短自由,不一定要90分钟左右,可60分钟,可120分钟。
我们知道,每天的电视节目编排是一种系统的板块链接,各个电视频道每天的不同时段会安排不同的播出内容,相对固定,供电视观众选择,这种板块固定法固定了一定的收视人群。电影频道节目的主要板块是由一部部中外故事片及由其间穿插的拦目、少儿动画短片、广告等组成的,每一个内容都有固定的时长。当一部电影或一部电视电影在电视上播放时,它已不是一个独立的存在,而是频道全天电视节目中的一个组成元素,这些不同的组成元素有相对固定的收视人群。如果这些内容的时长忽长忽短,便严重地违反了电视播出规律,影响下一个节目的按时播放,让观众无所适从,从而影响收视。电影是为影院放映而制作的,它遵循的是影院放映规律,电视上播放电影,只能被动地根据它的时长将一整天的板块进行调整,这是不得己而为之。而电视电影是V?为电视播放而制作的,足Ad根据自己的身材缝制介体的衣服=这样,电影频道会由于电视电影的存在而使得句;一天的板块Hifi;所以,时长的固定是电视电视节目最起码的要求,它符合电视播出规律,也是电影频道在观众心中诚信形象的保证。
另外,电影频道拥有大批忠实的观众。在这里,他们可以得到在别的频道不太容易实现的完整的观影经历。电影频道每天都有8—9部中外影片,它每天都在给观众讲述着一个个完整的故事。它总是在一个不太长的时间里给予人们一次次的满足,而不是像电视连续剧那样吊着人们的胃口。电视电影有着和电影一样的特性,它在一个常规故事片的时长里,完成一个完整的故事,所以人们将它称作“电视上放映的电影”。这个“完整”,是电视电影令观众愿意接受它的重要原因之一。所以,电视电影不宜采用超出90分钟时长,分两个晚上才能讲述完一个故事的模式。以此区别于电视连续剧。
有的电视电影内容丰富,人物形象既丰满又可信可亲,而有着无限延续下去的可能。仅90分钟,讲述有关这个人物的一个故事便嘎然而止,未免令人意犹未尽。为此,就出现了电视电影系列剧。《刑警张玉贵》系列,《杨门女将》系列都是成功的范例。这种模式在中外电影、电视剧中都有先例,中国20年代末的.18集电影连续片《火烧红莲寺》、日本系列片《寅次郎的故事》、美国的《007》影片、台湾的电视系列剧《包青天》等等。
叙事方式和民族化的审美关照在叙事特性上,电影艺术是一种“观看”,而电视艺术是一种“阅读”,所以电视电影的叙事便显得尤为重要。电视进入千家万户,对象主要是具有民族审美习性的中国老百姓,所以符合中华民族传统审美习性的经典叙事方式当是电视电影的首要选择。从电视电影作品《情不自禁》、《一介平民》、《我真棒》、《九月还乡》、《恋爱季节》等的叙事特征中,我们可以清楚地看到一种素质,那就是:以经典的叙事方式表达对民族审美习性的尊重和体贴。首先,这些故事在叙事结构上晓畅明了,开端、发展、高潮、结局等各阶段环环相扣;善恶分明,矛盾突出;叙事理想上,善恶有报,结局团圆。坚持塑造理想人物。如主持人间公道为民作主的包公,天不怕地不怕,智勇双全正直勇敢无坚不摧的孙大圣等等。他们身上寄托着百姓的理想,是百姓的代言人,这种审美习性实际上表现出的是中国百姓的道德观和价值观。无论时代如何发展,一个民族集体意识中最本质的东西永远不会变。艺术家把握住这一点,就把握住了艺术成功的法宝。
(一意识形态广告的概念。意识形态广告的重点和特点都是因为“意识形态”这四个字,那么什么又是意识形态呢,它又具有哪些特点。首先,意识形态是指在社会发展过程中在整个社会经济发展之上所形成的一种观念,它为整个国家或者团体的行为进行指导,同时又代表着国家或者团体的利益[1]。所谓的意识形态具有三个特点,分别是群体性、系统性和历史性。因为意识形态是以整个国家以及团体为基础的,所以它很容易被整个社会还有人们所接受,并且不具备特殊性,是社会中普遍存在的,因此,如果将意识形态运用到传媒技术中,就会使意识形态广告容易被人们所接受,并且带来巨大的经济效益,这就造就了意识形态广告的产生。
所谓的意识形态广告就是指那些不直接对进行宣传的`产品进行描述,突出产品功效,而是通过对意识形态进行影响而间接对广告产品的功效进行推广,从而达到产品的销售目的[2]。意识形态广告在进行产品的宣传时,并无对产品的详细描述,并且没有产品的完整信息,而是通过让消费者认为广告中的影像就是产品,使观众对产品进行想象和联系。
(二意识形态广告中的后现代主义。随着社会的发展以及消费水平和消费观念的提高,人们在进行消费的过程中很容易受到广告的影响,因此广告在人与产品的互动中起到了极大的作用。广告刺激着消费的提高,调动消费者的消费情绪,促进产品的经济收益。随着社会达到后现代时期,消费中的产品、品牌、商标等符号加强了消费的体验,进而产生了一种混乱的消费风格和生活方式。在这样的消费环境下,意识形态广告利用后现代主义,将后现代主义风格以及民族和西方的特色等这些内容都加入到广告中,这些广告将要给消费者灌输一种思想,一种将消费和时尚变为生活态度的思想。
When I was a freshman in college I watched the film Gua Sha Treatment for the first time, now I am a junior student and I come back to review the movie from a multicultural aspect, I have many different feelings after watching the film again.
At the beginning of the film, XuDatong is given an award and later he delivers a speech. What makes me impressed most is in his speech he says “one day I will become one of you, a truly successful American, today this award proved that America is a true land of opportunity and I am the living proof of that.” At that moment Xu thinks he has realized his American Dream totally with his lovingly wife and adorable son. However, I think it is ironical that to make a speech like that and I assume it is made on purpose to hind a clue for the story\'s development. How many non—American people have such a beautiful American dream? One of my classmate studies in American now and before he went aboard he told me his American dream is he can stand at the top of the New York. To be honest, I also dream that one day I can get the Green Card living there happily and successfully maybe working at the Wall Street. When Xu gets the award he thinks he entirely melted in the melting pot neglecting the multicultural obstruct, later the plot goes against the way he thinks. And later Quinlan asked Xu\'why you be the scapegoat of your father?\' Xu answers \'because he is Chinese.\' Then maybe Xu knows that there is always a wide gap between Chinese and American cultures.
The second scene is Xu hit his son Denis because Denis hit the son of xu\'s boss, at the middle of the film xu tells his boss that he hit his own son is only to show his respect to his boss John Quinlan, that time Quinlan feels puzzled “what a Chinese logic”,yes, American can never understand such a logic full of Chinese characteristic, because they respect everyone including the children, they won\'t beat a child to please the boss, and there is no such a conception of degree between employee and employer, they feel everyone is equal, which is quite different from china.
Connected to the second scene, the third difference I want to analyze is the care for the children. In America, people pay more attention to the right of children which can be seen from the law—leaving children alone at home is illegal, while in China it is so common that almost everyone may experience such loneliness. And Children Welfare Agency does work in America which shows the importance Americans attach to children\'s right. What\'s more, I remember a line \'No one won the case, especially the child.\' In my opinion, it also manifests the universal concern from the American public to the children.
The fourth aspect is following the procedure, in the film, more than there times, the people focus on the rule, the law, the procedure. At the Christmas Eve Xu wants to return back to his home pretending as a Santa Claus, what a pity, the security recognizes him and persuades \'you are always a good tenement, never causes troubles for me.\' And another scene is at the end of the film , the judge says \'I have to follow the procedure.\' However, in China people always have to ask for a favor to do something, and later you have to pay back the favor,for myself, I prefer the American style, strict to the procedure.
The fifth and the last point is the humors, Quinlan says \'you can\'t fall, your health security is the company paid.\' \'Datong, welcome home, maybe next time, you can come from the front door.\' \'dady, why you come from the window\' \' because we don\'t have a chimney.\' I really adore this distinguished American humor, especially in dangerous situations, which is quite rare in China.
That\'s my whole reaction to Gua Sha Treatment.
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