1。 头绪分明,脉络清楚
写好记叙文,首先要头绪分明,脉络清楚,明确文章要求写什么。要对所写的事件或人物进行分析,弄清事件发生、发展一直到结束的整个过程,然后再收集选取素材。这些素材都应该跟上述五个“ W ”和一个“ H ”有关。尽管不是每篇记叙文里都必须包括这些“ W ”和“ H ”,但动笔之前,围绕五个“ W ”和“ H ”进行构思是必不可少的。
2。 突出中心,详略得当
在文章的框架确定后,对支持故事的素材的选取是很关键的。选材要注意取舍,应该从表现文章主题的需要出发,分清主次,定好详略。要突出重点,详写细述那些能表现文章主题的重要情节,略写粗述那么非关键的次要情节。面面俱到反而使情节罗列化,使人不得要领。这一点是写好记叙文要解决的一个基本问题,也需要一定的技巧。如:
One night a man came to our house and told me, "There is a family with eight children。 They have not eaten for days。" I took some food with me and went。
When I finally came to that family, I saw the faces of those little children disfigured (破坏外貌) by hunger。 There was no sorrow or sadness in their faces, just the deep pain of hunger。
I gave the rice to the mother。 She divided the rice in two, and went out, carrying half the rice。 When she came back, I asked her, "Where did you go?" she gave me this simple answer, "To my neighbors — they are hungry also!"
3。 用活语言,准确生动
记叙文要用具体的事件和生动的语言对人、事、物加以叙述。一篇好的记叙文的语言既要准确、生动,又要表现力强,这样才能把人、事描写得具体生动,其可读性才强。试比较下面一篇例文修改的前后效果。
原文:
One day Xiaoqiang was wandering away。 He was soon lost among people and traffic。 He could not find the way back home and started crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by found him standing alone in front of a shop and crying。 They went up to Xiaoqiang and asked him what had happened。 Xiaoqiang told them how he got lost and where he lived。 The two students decided to take him home。 Mother was pleased to see Xiaoqiang come back safe and sound。 She invited the two students into the house and gave them some money, but they didn't take it。 She served them with tea but they left。
修改后:
The other day, five-year-old Xiaoqiang left home alone and wandered happily in the street。 After some time, he felt hungry so he wanted to go back home。 But he found he was lost among the crowded people and heavy traffic。 When he could not find the way home, he started and crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by from school found him sanding crying in front of a shop。 They immediately went up to him。
"Little boy, why are you standing here crying?" they asked。
"I want Mom, I go home。" said the boy, still crying。
"Don't worry, we'll send you home。"
And they spent the next two hours looking for the boy's house。 With the help of a policeman, they finally found it。
When the worried mother saw her son come back safe and sound, she was so thankful and she invited the students into her house。 Gratefully, she offered them some money, saying it was a way to express her thanks, but the young students firmly refused it and left without even a cup of tea。
导入:
第1段:提出一种现象或某种困难作为议论的话题
正文:
第2段:Many ways can help to solve this serious problem, but the following may be most effective. First of all... Another way to solve the problem is ... Finally...(列出2~3个解决此类问题的办法
结论:
第3段:These are not the best but the only two/ three measures we can take. But it should be noted that we should take action to...(强调解决此类问题的根本方法
有人说选择是严肃认真的;有人说选择是有机遇的;也有人说选择是明智的。不瞒你说,我也曾经历过一次难忘的选择,当时,那紧张的气氛,时至今日我都记得。
近来,舅妈不是头晕就是呕吐,闹得人心惶惶,到医院一检查才知道舅艰怀了二胎。晚上,爷爷叫我们地去,说是让我们举手表决是把胎儿打掉还是把他 ( 她 留下来。晚上,我们坐在堂屋里等待会议的开始,就连平时忙得一天露不了面的大伯也来当“陪审员”,“被告”舅妈由奶奶伴着怯怯不安地坐了下来。
会议开始了,爷爷用吃饭的筷子敲了敲桌子边,屋子里嗡嗡说话的声音立刻停止了,爷爷一本正经地说:“近年来,咱们家的人口不断增长,下岗人员从 0 个变成了 5 个。经济支出越来越困难,请大家举手表决到底生还是不生?少数服从多数。”舅妈盯着我看,眼睛似乎在说:“婷婷,不要举手,千万不要举手,我不想放弃这个孩子!”
可再看看平时活泼可爱的小表妹,那双水汪汪的大眼睛好像在说:“姐姐,你要是不举手,爸爸妈妈生了二胎,他们就不像以前那样疼我了。”顿时,我心软了,便悄悄举起了手。爸爸拉起我走进了小房间,生气地说:“小孩子懂什么?”我向爸爸说明了举手的原因。爸爸的目光柔和了,感慨地说:“爸爸支持你!”最后,舅妈含着泪水去把胎儿打了……
现在,表妹一家生活得很幸福,我看在眼里,喜在心里,因为我做了一次正确的选择。
1。 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street。 Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast。 I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side。 But it was too late。 The car hit my bike and I fell off it。
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard。 On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover。 Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short。 What could he do? Then he had a good idea。
2。 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的\',这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3。 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4。 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things。 Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao。 It is really a beautiful city。 There are many places of interest to see。 But what impressed me most was the sunrise。
The next morning I got up early。 I was very happy because it was a fine day。 By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red。 In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing。 The sun was very red, not shining。 It rose slowly。 At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball。 At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright。
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5。 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something。 Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front。 I thought maybe someone was knocking the door。 I asked who it was but I heard no reply。 After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor。 I realized it was the cat。 I felt released。
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something。 "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front。 Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply。 After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor。 "It's you。" I said, quite released。
星期五到了。我们大家怀着激动的心情,带着自己精心准备的食物来到了学校。在班上,大家有说有笑,讨论着自己今天准备的东西,要表演什么节目,可是,老天却感觉不到我们兴奋的心情,竟然下起了倾盆大雨,同学们看着天气越来越差,心情也跟着低落下来了。我们班,不,应该是整个年段,都在祈祷着,希望老天能够停下雨来,让大家有个开心的秋游。可是,雨却更加变本加厉,哗啦哗啦的下着。
时间在飞快的流逝,转眼间,10点到了。雨总算小了一点点,学校考虑到了同学们的\'心情,所以放了一些安全知识的片子给我们看了一下。我们等啊等,可天气还是没有好转,所以学校做了个决定,我们这次的野炊不去了!
老师一本正经的来到了班上,为我们宣布这次学校的决定,老师说:“同学们,怨天不作美啊!你们期待的野炊活动临时取消了,对不起哦!”
听了老师的这一番话,同学们开始“造反”了。
“这是什么意思啊,我们精心准备了这么久,怎么能说取消就取消呢?那我们不是太冤了吗?你看,我们花了这么多的钱和心血,到头来,一个取消就让我们的希望全都没了,真是太不公平了……”
老师认真的听着我们讲的话,安慰的说:“你们觉的有什么损失吗?这次学校安排你们去野炊是想锻炼锻炼你们,虽然这次去不成了,但是还有第二次、第三次啊!你们不要失望,下学期我们一定去!”
听了这些,我们的心情总算平静下来了,大家找到自己的组员,开始了“狼吞虎咽”!
……
这次的秋游,虽然没有去成,但是大家还是很快乐也很难忘。就像张老师说的,如果去成了,你们大概一两年后就会忘记了,但是你们没去成,可能就会终生难忘啊!听了老师的一番话,大家开心的笑了!
生活中的选择题有很多很多,但令我难忘的确是一件很小的.事。
四五岁那年,我独自在庭院里玩。妈妈笑盈盈地朝我走来,到了我的跟前,弯下腰,蹲下身子。只见他把两只手伸到我的面前,慢慢地展开双手。哇!一手里是巧克力,一手是牛皮糖。这可都是我最最喜欢的糖呀!当我刚要伸出手去拿糖时,妈妈却立即把双手我上了……还没等我缓过神来,妈妈收起了刚才的笑容,一本正经地对我说:“宝贝,想吃吗?”我使劲点了点头,回答道:“嗯!”可妈妈接着说道:“想吃,当让是可以的,但是我有一个要求,就是在我手里这两种糖里,就只许选一种!”
刚才我明明是很兴奋,听了这句妈妈一番话,我却一下子高兴不起来了!妈妈又做出一副很神秘的样子来。“啊啊?”我的脑道理画满了无数个问号。接着脑海里出现了一个画面:我站在中间,两边是巨大的牛皮糖和巨大的巧克力;我扑向巧克力,结果牛皮糖又消失不见了;刚刚好不容易逮到牛皮糖,巧克力又不见了……我气恼地一屁股坐在地上。我急了,于是脱口而出:“妈妈,妈妈!我两个都想要!”妈妈什么也没有说,转身就走了。我穷追不舍地追喊到:“妈妈!妈妈!我要吃糖!”
妈妈转过头来对我说:“孩子,妈妈今天这样做是为了让你知道,人生选择题很多,但有时只能选一个,不可以贪心,否则后果你一个都别想得到!知道了吗?”
我似懂非懂地点点头。妈妈又把那两颗糖给了我,让我仔细品味妈妈说的话。
在我成长了的路上,每当我面临选择的时候,我都会谨慎地选择,因为我总是记得母亲用两块糖来教育我的道理:人生的选择题数不胜数,但你必须记住一点就是,不要贪心!因为贪心往往会使你心眼迷蒙,最后酿成大祸!
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