一、先说起因。起因是事件的基座,是逻辑源头。举个例子说,有一个同学写自己第一次割麦子,开头就说,今年又是一个丰收年,麦浪滔滔,甚是喜人,但天气预报说三天后有大雨,于是“我”也去抢收麦子。接下来记叙割麦的过程:因为第一次割麦,“我”累死累活,可还是又慢又差,狼狈不堪……这篇开头就揭示了事件的起因,把“割麦”这一事件置于“抢收”的当口。我们常说“顺理成章”,把事件的起因交代明白,下文才能“顺理”。需要强调的一点是,事件的起因不等于的开头,写作时一定要注意。
二、写事件的经过要具体,要描绘生活中生动、具体的细节以及自己真实的感受,不能只停留在泛泛的一般叙述上。所谓具体,就是将事件中的感人动情处细细刻画,将事情的高潮大肆铺染,让读者如临其境。在学习课文《草》时,你最感动的地方一定是周副主席论“吃草”的片断:“‘应该感谢他们,感谢这些同志用生命和健康为全军换来了经验。也要记住这些草!’稍稍喘息了一下,他又说下去……”再比如 ,一位同学写自己打扫储藏室的事情,初稿写得干巴巴的,没有任何描写。写刚进储藏室的情况,只有一句话:“储藏室又大、又脏、又乱,我很不想干。”后来,在老师启发下,她把这句话扩写成了下面的一段:“这个储藏室又大、又脏、又乱,一进门,就有股怪味儿往脑子里钻,我纵了纵 鼻子,想扭头就走……”修改后的文字比原来的具体,丰富,显得更真实。
三、把一件事叙述完整,有头有尾,人们才能掌握事情的全貌,进而正确地理解这件事所显示的思想意义。事件的结果中常常蕴涵着主题。比如上面的例子,麦子割完了,可谓“龙口夺食”,这个结果就可以开发出这样的主题:家里的农事获得了丰收,我具体地体验了劳动的艰难,我的人生也获得了一个小小的丰收。因此,有效地记叙事件的结果,常常有助于突出主题。
一句话,要写清楚一件事,必须把事情的起因、经过和结果记叙清楚,尤其是事情的经过要写得具体明白、条理分明。
那么,又怎样把一件事
Expert tips on how to prevent avian influenza H7N9 collated by current argument data dictionary
1.平时加强体育锻炼,多休息,避免过度劳累,不吸烟,勤洗手;注意个人卫生,打喷嚏或咳嗽时掩住口鼻。
1 usually strengthen physical exercise, rest more, avoid excessive overworked, do not smoke, wash their hands; pay attention to personal hygiene, when sneezing or coughing and cover your nose and mouth.
2.保持室内清洁,使用消毒液清洗的地毯,避免使用难以清洗的地毯,保持地面、天花板、家具及墙壁清洁,确保排水道通畅;保持室内空气流通,应每天开窗换气两次,每次至少10分钟,或使用抽气扇保持空气流通;尽量少去 空气不流通的场所。
2 keep the room clean, use disinfectant cleaning carpets, avoid the use of hard to clean the carpet, keep the floor, ceiling, furniture and walls clean, to ensure smooth drainage channel; maintains the indoor air circulation, ventilation windows should be at least two times a day, 10 minutes each time, or use a fan to keep air circulation; as little as possible to airless places.
3.注意饮食卫生,进食禽肉、蛋类要彻底煮熟,加工、保存食物时要注意生、熟分开;养成良好的卫生习惯,搞好厨房卫生,不生食禽肉和内脏。解剖活(死家禽、家畜及其制品后要彻底洗手。
3, pay attention to food hygiene, eating meat, eggs should be thoroughly cooked, processing, preservation of food to the attention of raw, cooked separately; develop good health habits, good kitchen hygiene, do not eat raw poultry meat and offal. Anatomy of living (dead to wash hands thoroughly, livestock and poultry products.
同时,在户外洗手不方便的时候,可以使用免洗洗手液,随身携带,随时随地隔离病菌,呵护您的健康。
At the same time, when the outdoor hand-washing is not convenient, can use hand sanitizer, carry whenever and wherever possible, isolate the pathogen, take care of your health.
4.发现疫情时,应尽量避免与禽类接触;公众特别是儿童应避免密切接触家禽和野禽。
4 found in the epidemic, should avoid contact with poultry; the public especially children should avoid close contact with poultry and wild birds.
5.注意生活用具的消毒处理。禽流感病毒不耐热,100°C下一分钟即可灭活。对干燥、紫外线照射、汞、氯等常用消毒药都很敏感。
5 pay attention to disinfection and living appliances. Avian influenza viruses do not heat, 100 ° C, one minute can be inact
她笑了,笑得那么甜,那么美。她把钱包交给了老师,老师在全班同学面前表扬了她。她在校园里拣到了一个钱包。
这是被打乱了次序的三句话。按照我们的理解,显然应该重新排序,顺序是:她在校园里拣到了一个钱包。她把钱包交给了老师,老师在全班同学面前表扬了她。她笑了,笑得那么甜,那么美。
这三句话正表示了一件事情的起因、经过和结果。可见,我们只要把一件事的起因、经过和结果说清楚,这件事才能明明白白。“写清楚一件事的起因、经过和结果”,就是训练记叙的完整性和条理性。歌德曾说:“一个人只要能把一件事说得很清楚,他也就能把许多事都说得清楚了。”可见,写清楚一件事是写好复杂记叙文的基础。写一件事,不说明事情发生的时间、 地点,就难以使人信服;不了解事情发生的原因,就无从下笔; 不写清楚事情的经 过,结构就不完整;不交代事件的结果,读者就会疑惑不解。所以只有让事件要素完备、主次分明、层次清晰,才能给读者留下完整而深刻的印象。
但学生在写清楚一件事的作文时经常会犯以下
考场作文时间性特别强,一般五、六百字就行了,这就要求我们能够迅速切入主题。虽然不要求同学们写出“虎头”的效果,但简洁明了是最起码的要求。考场作文中常见的问题有两种:一是没有注意文章的布局,随心所欲。一篇以《感激》为题的'中考作文,一位同学用四个自然段,写了同学、老师对自己的关心与帮助,到结尾时才出现一些让人感动的画面,这样,文章就显得主次不分,情节不集中,这类文章一般只能评为三类或四类文;二是一些写作基础较好的同学,总想把最好的内容、最美的句子全写下来,出现了词语堆砌、拖沓冗长的问题。一篇题为《享受家庭的乐趣》的中考作文,第一段就用了200多字的景物描写,语句虽美,但由于没能抓住重点,文章还是落入了三类文的行列。
Nowadays, many famous university campuses have become one of the popular tourist attractions. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that every year thousands and thousands of middle school students visit Tsing Hua University and Peking University and other famous universities in China. In the place far away from the capital city, the local students also visit the universities famous in their own province.
So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to open the university campus for tourists? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing for the students to visit the famous university campus in that it can enable the middle students to get more information about the university and they can have enough time and opportunity to prepare themselves with the chance to get into the university. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, the public tourism will have negative effect on the universities because it will not only do harm to the environment but also to the intellectual atmosphere.
In my opinion, the tourism to the universities is not a good thing. The campus is mainly a place for study. With the increasing tourism on the campus, it will ruin the spiritual atmosphere in this learning field.
首先,提纯范文 “谋篇布局”及结构模板。
第一段:提出问题或现象。Nowadays, … … have become one of the popular … …. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that … ….
第二段:正反列举人们的看法。So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to … …? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing for … … in that … …. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, … … will have negative effect on … … because it will not only do harm to … … but also to … ….
第三段:摆明自己观点。In my opinion, … … is not a good thing. … … With the increasing … …, it will ruin … ….
其次,提纯范文“段落写作”。
段落写作分为统一性,连贯性和完整性三方面。
统一性(unity:段落开头的主题句应该做到不可太宽泛,也不可太具体,做到有较强的概括性才能使下文做到有的放矢的展开。范文第二段首句以设问的方式提出一个问题is it a good or bad thing就有很强的概况性。下文自然会一方面从好的方面说明,另一方面从坏的方面说明。
连贯性(coherence:关联词是使文章段落之间相互连贯的必要条件。范文中nowadays, on one hand, on the other hand, in one’s opinion即以“启承转合”递进的顺序是文章条理清晰,层层展开。
完整性(completeness:以设问句“So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to open the university campus for tourists?”开头,这是平时较少运用的段落写作方式——设问法。“On one hand … …. On the other hand, … ….”是段落写作分类列举法的典型用法。
再次,提纯范文“句子写作”。
1. It has been shown that … …
类似句型:It is known to us that … …
It is said that … …
It is reported that … …
It is controversial that … …
2. “… … Tsing Hua University and Peking University and other famous universities … …。”——并列句。并列句是简单的复杂句。但其运用方法并不简单,注意练习并接句的使用,会使句子显的更加饱满。
3. enable v. 使…能够
I gave him full directions to enable him to find the house.
4. in that = because
表“因为”的连词还有since, for, as,如:
The boy was absent because he was ill. = The boy was absent since he was ill.
此句以我们常用的人称开头,句式简单,我们可以通过把since提前改变句式,如:
Since the boy was ill, he was absent. 句式多样化。
最后,提纯范文“措辞”。
1. attraction n. 具有吸引力的事情。
2. thousands and thousands 成千上万的
形容“多”的表达方法:millions and millions
a multitude of
a great deal of
a large amount of
plenty of
many a
3. “some people argued that … …”中的“argue”并不是“讨论,辩论”的意思,而是“认为”。
I argue that … …
I maintain that … …
I claim that … …
I insist that … … = I think that … …
I hold that … …
I assert that … …
I assume that … …
4. negative adj. 否定的.,相反的
hold negative view = hold opposite opinions
5. phenomenon n. 现象
social phenomenon 社会现象
natural phenomenon 自然现象
6. intellectual adj. 聪明的= intelligent, bright, clever
(选词策略:使用最近所学的单词,如intellectual > intelligent > bright > clever
在分析并掌握范文之后,我们需要运用范文知识练习仿写。笔者运用2005年12月范文中的模板结构仿写了2006年12月的四级作文,以供参考:
1. 许多人喜欢在除夕夜看春节晚会
2. 但有些人提出取消春节晚会
3. 我的看法
Nowadays, the Spring Festival Evening has become one of the popular topic and attractions during every traditional New Year’s Eve. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that every year thousands and thousands of Chinese people appear to be accustomed to enjoying the sights and sounds of a brilliant feast, while gathering with their beloved family.
However, an increasing number of people have voiced different opinions towards it. So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to cancel the Spring Festival Evening? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing to amuse the audience in that it is composed by a numerous adequate programs, such as the emotional song, the graceful dance, the funny short sketch, the amusing comic dialogue, the delightful magic, and the marvelous acrobatics and so on. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, the Spring Festival Evening will have negative effect on the family harmony because it will not only do harm to having the talks between family members on the Spring Festival Eve but also to enjoying the gourmet meal in a fancy restaurant.
In my opinion, the Spring Festival Evening is a good thing. It may not remain a must for all people, but it can bring us a strong sense of festivity and serve as an alternative among the variety of holiday activities. With the increasing audience of the Spring Festival Evening, it will ruin a distinctive culture during the Spring Festival vacation.
写作
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