1。 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street。 Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast。 I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side。 But it was too late。 The car hit my bike and I fell off it。
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard。 On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover。 Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short。 What could he do? Then he had a good idea。
2。 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的',这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3。 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4。 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things。 Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao。 It is really a beautiful city。 There are many places of interest to see。 But what impressed me most was the sunrise。
The next morning I got up early。 I was very happy because it was a fine day。 By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red。 In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing。 The sun was very red, not shining。 It rose slowly。 At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball。 At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright。
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5。 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something。 Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front。 I thought maybe someone was knocking the door。 I asked who it was but I heard no reply。 After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor。 I realized it was the cat。 I felt released。
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something。 "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front。 Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply。 After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor。 "It's you。" I said, quite released。
从前,有一个巨大的一个森林,里面住着许多的小动物,比如,小兔子乖乖、兔子妈妈、小狗旺旺、狗妈妈、小狐狸拉拉、狐狸妈妈、小松鼠绒绒和绒绒的妈妈……这些动物一直快乐的住在这里。
可是,这个巨大的森林又搬来了一个小猪,名叫鲁鲁,他老是破坏这里的花草树木,而且,他什么都吃,坏极了,这里的动物都讨厌他,可是他倒是挺喜欢自己的。我就讲一下大家是怎么讨厌他的吧!
有一天,下完雨,灵巧的乖乖正在采新鲜的`蘑菇,她边采边唱着歌,开心极了!可是突然,讨厌的鲁鲁来了,鲁鲁看见新鲜的蘑菇,就说:“你把蘑菇给我,我要吃,不然,我就把这里的花和草统统给拔掉。”乖乖想,如果不把蘑菇给鲁鲁,鲁鲁就会把花草都拔光,只好把新鲜的蘑菇给了鲁鲁。
还有一天,可爱的绒绒正在小松树上摘美味的松果,不巧,烦人的鲁鲁又来了,鲁鲁看见美味的松果,立刻说:“绒绒,把美味的松果给我,不然,我就把花和草拔光,绒绒只好把松果给了鲁鲁。
这里的女王知道了就把鲁鲁赶走了,从此,这个地方就安宁了。
I like the carefree life in the countryside, the peaceful field road, roadside farm courtyard, a flowing stream... All is not desirable.
The morning the sunrise, singing yet, will the people wake up, sleep has injected new vitality for them, hard-working farmers began to a day of activities. Occasionally, walk the path in the field, there are a few root of wheat quietly into his trousers, slight shaking, like a naughty ground say "hello" with me. Wayside brook, there are a few small tadpoles swam in merry, a few dragonfly flying through the surface, rapid fly to the sky, with one, happy and comfortable. Then, several children run from the front of the past, what are they doing? Oh, the original is chasing the dragonfly. In the blink of an eye, they are submerged in the dense grain, but the scream of joy still legible.
At noon, yellow pink sunflower blossoms against the midday sun. Sitting in the yard of a peasant, listening to the cicadas on the buttonwood tree birds, occasionally there will be a flower cat through the legs. At this time, walk the crook, will feel at ease and pleasure.
Evening, on that day a small hillside, a dwarf tree, is a layer of golden rays of the sun on the plating, seems to be a picture of a frozen xieyi painting, a beautiful memories. In the last fading light in that moment, everything in the world and becomes quiet, birds don't call the dog bark, even forget the old cow is eating grass, quietly staring at the direction of the setting sun...
Rural night, the stars in the sky like the people of the earth, and the number is countless. At this point, lying in a rocking chair and looked at the bright sky, felt at ease. Quiet comfortable night, overworked of a day of men in blast a cry, the exhaustion of the end of the day, sweet to sleep.
What a beautiful country life! So intoxicating, so desirable! I pursue the country life is full of poetic!
我喜欢无忧无虑的乡村生活,那宁静的田间小路,路边的农家院落,潺潺流动的`小溪……无一不令人向往。
晨光微曦,一声声清脆的鸟鸣,将睡梦中的人们唤醒,为他们注入了崭新的活力,勤快的农民开始了一天的活动。行走在田间小路上,偶尔有几根麦子悄悄地钻进裤腿,轻微的晃动着,像是在调皮地跟我打招呼。路旁的小溪里,有几只小蝌蚪在快活的游动着,几只蜻蜓从水面上掠过,急速的飞向天空,你追我赶,快乐而又惬意。紧接着,几个孩子从面前飞奔过去,他们在干什么呢?哦,原来是在追那些蜻蜓。一眨眼的工夫,他们就淹没在了浓密的麦穗中,但那快乐的叫喊仍清晰可辨。
中午,一朵朵粉色的太阳花迎着正午的烈日绽放。坐在农家的院落里,听着那棵梧桐树上的蝉鸣鸟叫,偶尔会有一只花猫从腿间穿过。此时,漫步溪边,一定会感到轻松,愉悦。
黄昏,在那洒落日的小山坡上,一棵矮树,被太阳的余辉镀上了一层金黄色,似乎一幅被定格的写意画一样,美得令人心醉。在最后一抹余晖消逝的那一瞬,世间的一切仿佛都变得安静了,鸟不叫了,狗不吠了,连正在吃草的老牛也忘记了一切,静静的注视着落日的方向……
乡村的夜幕降临了,天上的繁星就像地上的人,数也数不清。此时,躺在摇椅上,望着那璀璨的星空,心情无比舒畅。寂静安逸的夜晚,劳累了一天的农人们在阵阵蛙鸣声中,结束一整天的疲惫,进入甜美的梦乡。
多么美好的乡村生活啊!那么令人沉醉,那么令人向往!我追求充满诗情画意的乡村生活!
导入:
第1段:Some people hold the opinion that A is superior to B in many ways. Others, however, argue that B is much better. Personally, I would prefer A because I think A has more advantages.
正文:
第2段:There are many reasons why I prefer A. The main reason is that ... Another reason is that...(赞同A的原因
第3段: Of course, B also has advantages to some extent... (列出1~2个B的优势
结论:
第4段: But if all these factors are considered, A is much better than B. From what has been discussed above, we may finally draw the conclusion that ...(得出结论 オ
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