例9.雄鹰拥有翅膀,就能展翅高飞;飞机拥有翅膀,就能翱翔蓝天。我也幻想有一对翅膀,风雨中让我展翅飞翔,没有谁能把我阻挡飞越世界的梦想。(重庆满分文《假如给我一双翅膀》开头此开头由雄鹰、飞机起兴,倾诉“我”对梦想的执著之情,为下文描绘那些拥有翅膀的种种理由设置了悬念。
1。 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street。 Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast。 I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side。 But it was too late。 The car hit my bike and I fell off it。
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard。 On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover。 Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short。 What could he do? Then he had a good idea。
2。 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的\',这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3。 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4。 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things。 Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao。 It is really a beautiful city。 There are many places of interest to see。 But what impressed me most was the sunrise。
The next morning I got up early。 I was very happy because it was a fine day。 By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red。 In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing。 The sun was very red, not shining。 It rose slowly。 At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball。 At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright。
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5。 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something。 Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front。 I thought maybe someone was knocking the door。 I asked who it was but I heard no reply。 After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor。 I realized it was the cat。 I felt released。
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something。 "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front。 Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply。 After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor。 "It's you。" I said, quite released。
例12.【主题帖子】幸福是什么?幸福是微笑着的闪着泪光的双眼;是耳边亲切的问候;是孩子们在沙滩上玩耍;是风烛残年的老人携手夕阳;是全家人围成一桌在中秋之夜享受天伦……一千个人对“幸福”就会有一千种诠释,正象一千读者眼中有一千个“哈姆雷特”。(不信请到“幸福”论坛里转一转。(天津满分文《论坛里的“幸福水”》开头此开头从论坛“主题帖子”开始,用设问句引起读者注意,用排比句巧作道理论证,用“一千个人对‘幸福’就会有一千种诠释,正象一千读者眼中有一千个‘哈姆雷特’”概括自己对幸福的观点。新鲜的形式,巧妙的开头,实在是高招!
例5.我是魔鬼,是一个心中住着天使的魔鬼。(山东滨州满分文〈让天使永驻心中〉开头文章题目是“让天使永驻心中”,可开头就是一句“我是魔鬼”,让人感觉奇怪。再往下,第个段落的开头句都是“我是魔鬼”,一直到最后,细读才会领略到此反向立意的妙处是在突出“安琪儿”。
例2.叶子,是不会飞翔的翅膀;翅膀,是落在天上的叶子。(重庆满分文《翅膀,落在天上的叶子》题记 这个题记采用比喻的方法来揭示“翅膀”和“叶子”的关系。“翅膀”和“叶子”怎么可以划上等于号呢?这个疑问,犹如一个谜团,一下子勾起阅读者的好奇心,只有当你读完全文才知道这是一篇“丑小鸭变成小天鹅”翻版的童话故事,作者用一个落叶代替“丑小鸭”,写他的无悔选择,写他的执著梦想,写他的美好心灵,新颖独到,让人耳目一新。
例11.云卷云舒,卷舒的是心灵的纯净无暇;雁过雁往,过往的是人性的清姿丽影;花开花落,开落的是灵魂的郁秀芬芳。(山东日照满分文《给我一个懂你的机会》作者文笔优美,此开头选取了自然界中几个画面进行描写,用语典押,句式整齐,朗朗上口,富有韵味。
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