童年是一首歌,歌里有我们跳动的音符;童年是一首诗,诗里有我们的韵脚;童年是一幅画,画里有我们五彩的生活;童年是一支笔,笔下有我们的美好回忆。
记得那年我七岁,上小学一年级。开学时学校给我们发了新书包,书包里应有尽有。一个文具盒里装了三支笔和一块橡皮。这三支笔分别是铅笔、黑色彩笔和自动笔。我不知道自动笔怎么用,根据字面的意思应该是一个可以自动帮你写字的东西。我们老师说那支自动笔不适合我们用,所以让我们扔了。可我还是想要自动笔,因为有了它我就不用写作业了!我求妈妈给我买,妈妈说:“自动笔和你心爱的芭比娃娃只能选一个,你选吧!”我心想:还是不写作业比较好,然后我选择了自动笔。我和妈妈来到了超市,买了自动笔。回到家,我就迫不及待的坐到学习桌旁,打开作业本,手里拿着充满神奇力量的自动笔,等待它帮我完成作业。可是等了半天它也不动,我着急的问妈妈:“妈妈,它怎么不写字呢?”
妈妈听后哈哈大笑,差一点笑破了肚皮,笑够了,就对我说:“傻孩子,它怎么可能会自动写字呢?自动笔只是为你节省了削铅笔的过程。”“哦,那我要芭比娃娃!芭比娃娃!”我大声的说。
妈妈见我哭哭啼啼的样子,再次牵着我的手走进了商店……生活是夜空,而童年是最闪耀的星星;生活是一个大花园,而童年是最美的花儿;生活是一片森林,而童年是最茁壮的一棵大树,树上的分叉就是那一件件的童年趣事!
网课,是疫情时美丽的流行;关怀,是生活中永恒的经典。——题记
E-learning is a beautiful epidemic in the epidemic; caring is an eternal classic in life. ——Inscription
疫情的肆虐使今年的寒假出奇地漫长。为了让我们“停课不停学”,老师们都摇身变成了“主播”或线上“客服”。一时间,网课成了美丽的流行,而老师们隔空的帮助让学生觉得这个寒假不太冷。
This years winter vacation is surprisingly long because of the epidemic. In order to let us "stop classes and never stop learning", teachers have become "anchor" or "customer service" online. For a while, online classes became a beautiful fashion, and the teachers help in the gap made students feel that this winter vacation was not too cold.
网课之初,我们学生大部分还可以管控好自己。可“路遥知马力,日久见人心”,有些同学渐渐显示出了本色,私底下约定时间玩游戏、跟同学聊天,甚至忘记了上网课。可是你们知道吗,老师为了让我们“不停学”,费尽了心血。
At the beginning of online classes, most of our students were able to control themselves. However, some students have gradually shown their true colors. They have privately arranged time to play games, chat with their classmates, and even forget about online classes. But did you know that the teacher made great efforts to keep us going.
就说我们班的黄老师吧,每天傍晚,都要为我们准备第二天的所有学习任务清单。老师要先把视频课看一遍,如果效果不好,又会继续搜寻,一定要寻找到最好的学习资源,争取不给学生留下一丝漏洞和不好的体验。
Lets say that Mr. Huang in our class prepares a list of all the learning tasks for us every evening. The teacher should watch the video lesson first. If the effect is not good, he will continue to search. He must find the best learning resources to avoid leaving any loopholes and bad experience for the students.
接着随时监督学生的作业完成情况,那一份份电子作业发出去,每一次都收到写55份作业图片。是图片啊,你能想象得到,老师在屏幕上认真批改每个同学作业的情景吗?不仅有勾画圈点,还有批语呀。张同学哪个字写错了,李同学这个句子不通顺,王同学的字迹太潦草……老师都会一一批注,还经常出现鼓励性语言,为同学们加油,而且几乎不重复。
Then monitor the completion of the students homework at any time. When the electronic homework is sent out, 55 pictures of the homework are received each time. Its a picture. Can you imagine that the teacher carefully corrects each students homework on the screen? There are not only sketching circles, but also comments. Whats wrong with Zhang? Lis sentence is not smooth. Wangs handwriting is too scrawly Teachers will annotate one by one, and often use encouraging language to cheer students on, and almost no repetition.
那次小朱同学忘提交作业了,老师便马上用短信提醒,收到作业图片后,又马上批改,并督促订正。面对作业质量差、态度不认真的同学,老师还会进行电话家访。老师还会在百忙之中抽时间解答学生的疑问呢!
That time, Zhu forgot to submit his homework. The teacher immediately reminded him with a text message. After receiving the pictures, he immediately corrected them and urged them to correct them. In the face of the students with poor quality and not serious attitude, the teacher will also make a telephone home visit. The teacher will take time out of his busy schedule to answer the students questions!
那一次,我在学习文言文《掩耳盗铃》时遇到了困惑,便发了一条信息咨询老师。知道老师很忙,根本没指望老师马上能回复。可出乎意料,不到一分钟,竟然收到了老师的回复,回复中不仅有文字,还有查证的图片,最后还附上一段让我信心满怀的鼓励性话语:很高兴你能这么积极主动地钻研,老师为你的发现和大胆质疑叫好。以后学习上遇到有分歧的问题,不要迷信权威,只管大胆求证。为你的探究精神点赞!
That time, when I was learning the classical Chinese "hiding my ears and stealing the bell", I met with confusion and sent an information consultation to the teacher. Knowing that the teacher is very busy, I didnt expect the teacher to reply immediately. But unexpectedly, I received the teachers reply in less than a minute. There were not only words but also verified pictures in the reply. At the end of the reply, I also attached a piece of encouraging words that made me confident and full of confidence: Im glad that you can study so actively, and the teacher applauds your discovery and bold query. In the future, if you encounter different problems in your study, dont believe in authority, just dare to prove it. Praise your spirit of inquiry!
我不知道这次疫情还有多久才能结束,但网课却给我们的学习增添了新时代的快乐,已成为我成长中遇到的最美丽的流行;老师的付出和大爱,让我们的心通过互联网这根神秘的丝线,紧紧地联系在一起,那无微不至的关怀,已成为我生活中永恒的经典。
I dont know how long it will take for the epidemic to end, but online classes have added a new era of happiness to our learning, which has become the most beautiful fashion I have ever met in my growth. The teachers efforts and love have made our hearts closely linked through the mysterious thread of the Internet. That meticulous care has become an eternal classic in my life.
3.1 样本与分析方法
本文选取的五篇英文议论文样本如下:The Real Truth About Lies (Randy Fitzgerald,882 字,选自The World Of English,2001.6); Education ( E.B. White,1021字,选自The Hill Reader,135-155); The Art Of SmartGuessing ( Bryan W. Mattimore,1034 字,选自The World English,2001.2); On The Art OfAdvertising ( Samuel Johnson功能语法,995 字,选自 The Hill Reader,453-455); 以及 The Green Frog Skin(John Lame Deer,1166 字,选自The Hill Reader ,332-334).
笔者依据物质,心理,关系,行为,言语和存在六个过程对每篇文章的分句进行了判定,并为进一步的量化分析计算出各分句所占比例。具体分布情况如下表所示:
物质
过程
心理
过程
关系
过程
行为
过程
言语
过程
存在
过程
总计
篇章1
26
13
32
1
25
4
101
篇章2
35
8
29
7
5
8
92
篇章3
26
9
35
2
1
14
87
篇章4
31
13
24
7
7
82
篇章5
42
13
46
10
7
3
121
总计
160
56
166
20
45
36
483
百分比
33%
11.6%
34.4%
4%
9%
7.5%
主句
16
16
40
2
16
7
97
百分比
16.5%
16.5%
41.2%
2%
16.5%
7.2%
附属从句与嵌入式从句
64
22
36
10
9
13
154
百分比
41.56%
14.3%
23.4%
6.5%
6%
8.4%
3.2 分析结果与探讨
从上表可以看出,韩礼德的六个过程模式在英文议论中呈现不均衡分布。从整体来看,物质过程和关系过程所占比例分别为33%和34.4%。这就意味着在英文议论文中,物质和关系过程占据主体地位,二者总体超过总数的三分之二,而其他四个过程仅占不到三分之一。单从主句来看,关系过程以41.2%的比例占据主导地位,同时,我们可以发现一个非常有趣的现象,即物质,心理,言语过程所占比例均为16.5%。在从句的过程分布比例中,物质过程占41.5%,非常接近关系过程在主句中所占的比重。其次是关系过程,所占百分比为23.4。存在过程在整体分句,主句及从句中的分布比例较为稳定。出现比例最小的为行为过程。
结合小句过程模式的分布比例和议论文的特点,笔者的分析如下:
第一,物质过程是摆事实,讲论据的最佳途径。作为质询和决策的方式之一,议论文应当提供充分有力的证据来引领读者挖掘事件的方方面面。论据通常包括常识,例证,事实,数据,引用等等。有效的论据必须能够清楚直接地证明论点cssci期刊目录。一般情况下,人的行为即为已经发生的无可改变的既成事实,而物质过程作为外部经验的表述恰好使其成为了提供论据最为常用的模式。在议论文中,从句通常扮演着为主句提供事实或数据的角色,由此不难解释为何物质过程在从句中占据绝对比例。例如,在复杂句“advertisements are now so numerous that theyare very negligently perused”中,其从句“they are verynegligently perused,”阐述了主句所引发的事实结果。相反地,主观意见和心理活动的论证说明力远不如事实,这也正是心理过程在议论文中所占比重较小的原因。
第二,关系过程在英文议论文中的显著地位源于其对逻辑关系的阐释。逻辑性对议论文至关重要功能语法,议论文的目的就是通过理性说明来赢得读者的认同,而读者对新观点的认同建立在其已认同的事实和原理的基础之上。因此,从本质上来说,议论文是通过良好的逻辑建立和加强共同与合作意识的过程。换言之,所有能够作为论据的事实和原理都必须相互并与结论有逻辑性地联系在一起,任何逻辑错误或推理失误都可能导致读者对整篇文章论点的怀疑。关系过程,表明一项经验与另一项经验之间的关系,恰好能够清楚地阐释读议论文中的逻辑关系。以代表句型“x is a”为例,x与a之间的逻辑关系并非唯一的。a既可作为某项特征表明x的特性,也可作为指代与x进行互换。简而言之,在关系过程中,主句通常是被从句归纳化或概念化的特征或指代。
第三,在英文议论中,看似表达主观观点与意愿的言语过程同样不可或缺。引用权威的语言,观点,评论或表达都常常作为强有力的事实支撑来赞同或反对某一观点,而无论是直接引用还是间接引用,都必须通过言语过程来体现。
第四,其他过程类型在英文议论文中同样占据一席之地并发挥着举足轻重的作用。对议论文而言,描述,叙述,阐释等写作手法的合理利用与相辅相成无疑是锦上添花。正因如此,六个过程在英文议论文中的不同分布比例恰好是议论文客观,有逻辑,严肃及某种程度上带有一定主观色彩的特点等要求的自然结果。
Elephant is the largest animal on land today. It weights some ninety kilograms and is about one metre high when born. When it is 12 years old, it studs over three meters and does not grow any more. Elephant is usually grey in color, having a long trunk with large ivory tusks protruding from each side of its mouth. Usually moving in groups and caring for each other, Elephant is know to be a very and gentle creamre. For many years people have used the strength of these poweful animals to move trees and heavy logs. Elephant has been and is a vital tool for people to do many things that would normally be imposs-ible. Elephant is and will continue to be one of the greatest creatures man has ever come into contact with. Its size. beauty, and power willforever be useful to man.
童年的时候,我做了很多有趣的事情,尤其是我读幼儿园时,每个星期六就是玩游戏。
有一次,老师教我们玩分组游戏,我们组先上。游戏结束了,我开心地跑回自己的座位,看也没看就一屁股坐了下去,只听“咚”的一声,我摔到了地上,原来我的椅子不知什么时候给人拿走了,我又气又急,又迷惑不解:椅子去哪儿了呢?我扭来扭去地看,却没找到椅子。这时另一组同学正在讲台上玩游戏,大家的眼睛全盯着他们看。我看到邻组的王红在台上玩游戏,她的椅子空着,我就偷偷地把她的椅子搬了过来,坐了下来。
不久,游戏结束了,王红兴冲冲地回到座位。我偷偷地注视着她,只见她也和我一样,看也不看就一屁股坐了下去,还摔了个四脚朝天。“哈……”我刚笑出声来,又赶紧忍住了,心想:千万别让她发现是我拿了她的椅子啊!我赶紧坐正身子,一本正经看着讲台,不敢朝她张望了。
谁知不久她却和李小平吵了起来,原来她怀疑是李小平拿了她的椅子,因为之前李小平的椅子断了一条腿,李小平就在那站着,等老师换椅子。听着她们吵来吵去,我这才弄清楚,原来我的椅子是被李小平拿去了,害我们各摔一跤的人是李小平,这真让人哭笑不得。后来,我们三个都被老师批评了一顿。可我想着我和王小红摔跤的样子,却笑了起来,后来大家都笑了,老师也没说什么了。
童年的这些事,现在回想起来还让我忍不住笑。
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