西周晚期,周天子统治不力,西戎不断***扰边境,社会矛盾加剧,百姓怨声载道,各个诸侯国开始自谋发展,逐渐不听周天子的召唤。
公元前771年,周幽王率军与申国、缯国、犬戎的三国联军在骊山开战,周幽王兵败被***,自此西周灭亡,郑国、卫国、秦国、晋国四国赶来救援,赶走犬戎,迎立已废太子姬宜臼为周平王。周平王畏惧犬戎,弃丰镐而东迁洛邑,实际管辖的领土大大减少,东周开始,周室衰微,周天子的威信不复从前。
郑武公护周平王东迁有功,任卿士,辅佐周朝政务,利用职权为郑国谋发展,秦国护周平王有功,得周朝西部地区,周平王许诺只要能赶走西戎,土地就属于秦国。秦国正式成为诸侯国,与中原诸侯国取得了联系,开始了它艰难的扩张之路。
周室衰微,自顾不暇,诸侯国必须靠自己的力量来发展壮大,在各方面进行改革,发展经济,壮大军事力量,力图不被他国欺负。
nowadays, we can see some boys and girls who live in a small world of their own. they bury themselves among books and are proud of themselves. they think that it will make them lose their face if they do housework for they often think themselves very noble.
these young people are wrong. in my opinion every student should have a knowledge of housework. after all, they will have a family of their own, and they should do their part in keeping a good home. boys should also learn to do housework, for what will they do if they remain single? though not all boys remain single,yet they will be very helpful in the family if they know some housework. anyhow they will not lose anything, but, on the contrary, they will gain something useful.
for what i said above, we can find some eamples of our fellow-students studying abroad. all young men do housework as girls do. someone would argue that we can employ servants. this is true.however, what shall we do if the servant leaves us and all things are left to ourselves? we just cannot leave our clothes as they are and let worms and ants eat them up. and what can we do it we go and study in a foreign country where servants are out our means to employ? we must work for ourselves. why not start to learn to do housework now or else it will be too late? everyone should learn to do housework. what do you think about my idea, boys and girls?
Yesterday, our class had a discussion about whether junior students could ride electric bicycles to go to school. 25 students of our class agreed with it, because they said that it is convenient for them and it could take less time to go to school. If they took bus, sometimes the bus come late and it might make them late for school. But the other 35 students didn't agree with them. They said it is not safe for the junior students to get to school by electric bicycles, for they are too young. They also said in the morning the traffic was very busy and the students couldn't ride electric bicycles quickly. Besides, there are too much electric bicycles in the street now, they can get hurt easily.
昨天,我们班讨论了关于中学生是否该骑电单车上学的问题。班上25位同学表示赞同,因为他们认为这样比较方便而且更省时。如果他们坐公车,有时候公车来得晚就有可能使他们迟到。但是,另外的'35位同学不同意他们的看法。他们认为中学生骑电单车上学是不安全的,因为他们还太小了。他们还认为早上交通繁忙,学生骑车不能太快。而且,现在路上的电单车太多了,他们很容易受伤。
i think students should share some housework with their parents. the reasons are as follows. first, doing some housework can enable the students to have some sense of responsibility. there is a lot of housework in each family. as a member of the family, each one should do his or her share. since a student is a member of the family, undoubtedly, he is of no eception. in the second place, doing some housework can give the student opportunities to get to know his parents better. by doing housework, a student will know how hard it is for his parents to go to work everyday while raising a
family. he will make even greater efforts in his study later on. finally, doing some housework can give the student a chance to do some physicaleercises. since the student has to sit studying most of the time, this is certainly beneficial to his health.in light of the above, i strongly recommend that those who are not in the habit of doing housework start doing some right now. your parents will be pleased and you will learn something from it.
春秋末期,诸侯国越来越不把周天子放在眼中,而在诸侯国国内,卿大夫也开始篡权,如齐国三桓,晋国六卿,逐渐把持朝政。几百年的诸侯国争霸混乱期使旧制度土崩瓦解,新秩序应运而生。三家分晋结束了春秋争霸,进入战国时期,韩、赵、魏、燕、楚、秦、齐七国争雄。
春秋时期周天子虽然没有什么威信,但到底还是名义上的天下共主,“尊王攘夷”的旗帜尚能用来树立威信,扩张领土。但到了战国时期,经过重新洗牌,周天子彻底没有了用处。各诸侯国纷纷称王,实际上已经是独立的国家。
对土地的需求让这一阶段的战争升级,无论是规模还是时长都不是春秋时期可比的,其残酷程度已经是血流成河。
这时候,士这一阶层迅速崛起,他们或在政治上纵横捭阖,或在文化上百家争鸣,或在军事上建功立业,给战国注入了霸道的引子,也左右着战国的局势。
几百年的混乱期产生了一种自上而下的渴求统一的愿望,而经济的进一步发展,对战争的厌倦,都让人们开始思考统一的可能。要统一就要有一个能够统一的国家,各方面要领先他国。
秦孝公任用商鞅进行了最为彻底的改革,废除世卿世禄制度实行以郡县制,重农抑商,发展生产,增加人口,奖励军功等等一系列改革,使秦国迅速领先于其它六国,到了秦惠文王时期,继续实行商鞅的改革,并且称王,有了一统天下的决心,进而蚕食三晋,解除了东进的障碍。因为慢了一步,也因为改革的不彻底,使各国彻底落后于秦国。
公元前247年,秦王政亲政。先平定叛乱,稳定国内局势,自公元前230年起,历时十年,先后灭亡韩、赵、魏、楚、燕、齐六国,一统天下,称皇帝,是为秦始皇,建立了中央集权的大一统国家。
自平王东迁到秦统天下,历时五百多年。
these young people are wrong. in my opinion every student should have a knowledge of housework. after all, they will have a family of their own, and they should do their part in keeping a good home. boys should also learn to do housework, for what will they do if they remain single? though not all boys remain single, yet they will be very helpful in the family if they know some housework. anyhow they will not lose anything, but, on the contrary, they will gain something useful.
for what i said above, we can find some eamples of our fellow-students studying abroad. all young men do housework as girls do. someone would argue that we can employ servants. this is true. however, what shall we do if the servant leaves us and all things are left to ourselves? we just cannot leave our clothes as they are and let worms and ants eat them up. and what can we do it we go and study in a foreign country where servants are out our means to employ? we must work for ourselves. why not start to learn to do housework now or else it will be too late? everyone should learn to do housework. what do you think about my idea, boys and girls?
说干就干,我先拿了一块布,踮手踮脚地走到它身边,用布把它的眼睛立刻蒙住,这样就可以开始骑了。我大步一跨,一屁股坐了上去,可那鸡机灵得很,连忙把身子一抖,我便摔了一个四脚朝天,像一只大乌龟翻了一个身一样,它还用嘴把布啄掉。等我爬起来后,心中早已怒气冲天,想:此仇不报非君子,我跟你没完。
说完把头一扭,气呼呼地跑进了家了。
我坐在椅子上,静下心想对策,想着想着,不知不觉中以到了下午,我伸伸懒腰站起来,报仇的事早已望得一干二净了。到晚上再想起来的时候,仔细想想,不禁大笑起来,鸡是什么东西,我骑在它身上,当然会做出这种反映,我还要斤斤计较,真是不应该。
想完,我一溜烟跑到厨房,抓起一把米往园子里跑,向公鸡赔偿我的“不是”。
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