论证是用论据来证明论点的过程。议论文的论点是要解决“要证明什么”,论据是要解决“用什么来证明”,而论证是解决“如何进行论证”的问题。论证的目的在于揭示出论点和论据之间的内在逻辑关系。
(一议论文的论证一般分为立论和驳论两大类型
①立论是对一定的事件或问题从正面阐述作者的见解和主张的论证方法。
表明自己的态度时,要注意以下三点:
1这些看法和主张必须是经过认真的思考或者一定的实践,确实是自己所独有的正确的认识和见解,或者是切实能解决实际问题的主张。要使读者感到有新意,增长知识,提高对事物的认识。
2必须围绕所论述的问题和中心论点来进行论证。开篇提出怎样的问题,结篇要归结到这一问题。在论证过程中,不能离题万里,任意发挥,或者任意变换论题。如果有几个分论点,每个分论点都要与中心论点有关联,要从属于中心论点。所有论证都要围绕中心论点进行。这样读者才能清楚地了解分论点和中心论点。议论文的逻辑性很强,论证必须紧扣中心,首尾一致。
3“立”往往建立在“破”的基础之上。在立论的过程中,需要提到一些错误的见解和主张,加以否定和辩驳,以增强说服力,使读者不会误解自己的观点。
②驳论是以有力的论据反驳别人错误论点的论证方式。有三种方法:反驳论点、反驳论据、反驳论证。由于议论文是由论点、论据、论证三部分有机构成的,因此驳倒了论据或论证,也就否定了论点,与直接反驳论点具有同样效果。一篇驳论文可以几种反驳方式结合起来使用,以加强反驳的力量和说服力。
1反驳论点,即直接反驳对方论点本身的片面、虚假或谬误,这是驳论中最常用的方法。
2反驳论据,即揭示对方论据的错误,以达到推倒对方论点的目的;因为错误的论据必定得出错误的论点。
3反驳论证,即揭露对方在论证过程中的逻辑错误,如大前提、小前提与结论的矛盾,对方各论点之间的矛盾,论点与论据之间矛盾等等。
立论和驳论都是一种证明,无非一个是从正面证明其正确,而另一个是从反面证明其错误。它们可以使用基本相同的论证方法。
(二论证的基本结构层次:
三段论式的结构。提出问题(引论→分析问题(本论→解决问题(结论
常见的论证结构:a、总分式结构 b、对照式结构 c、层进式结构 d、并列式结构
(三论证方法有以下几种:
1举例论证(事实论证:列举确凿、充分、有代表性的事例证明论点;(作用:具体有力地论证了观点(主论点或分论点,增强文章的说服力
2道理论证:用马列主义经典著作中的精辟见解,古今中外名人的名言警句以及人们公认的定理公式等来证明论点;(作用:有力地论证了观点(主论点或分论点,增强文章的权威性和说服力
3对比论证:拿正反两方面的论点或论据作对比,在对比中证明论点;(作用:突出全面地论证观点(主论点或分论点,让人印象深刻
4比喻论证:用人们熟知的事物作比喻来证明论点。(作用:生动形象地论证了观点(主论点或分论点,使文章浅显易懂,易于理解和接受此外,在驳论中,往往还采用“以子之矛,攻子之盾”的批驳方法和“归谬法”。在多数议论文中往往是综合运用的。
5引用论证:引用论证比较复杂,这与具体的引用材料有关,有引用、格言警句、权威数据、名人佚事、笑话趣闻等各种情况。(作用:【要具体分析】如引用名人名言、格言警句、权威数据,可以增强论证的说服力和权威性;引用名人佚事、奇闻趣事,可以增强论证的趣味性,吸引读者下读。
是支撑论点的材料,是作者用来证明论点的理由和根据,分为事实论据和道理论据两种。
1.事实论据:事实在议论文中论据作用十分明显,分析事实,看出道理,检验它与文章点在逻辑上是否一致。(代表性的事例,确凿的数据,可靠的史实等。事实论据又包括事例和数据。
2.道理论据:作为论据的理论总是读者比较熟悉的,或者是为社会普遍承认的,它们是对大量事实抽象,概括的.结果。理论论据又包括名言警句、谚语格言以及作者的说理分析。
使用论据的要求:①确凿性。我们必须选择那些确凿的、典型的事实。引用经过实践检验的理论材料作为论据时,必须注意所引理论本身的精确涵义。②典型性。引用的事例应该具有广泛的代表性,代表这一类事物的普遍特点和一般性质。③论据与论点的统一。论据是为了证明论点的,因此,两者应该联系紧密一致。
逻辑性体现
议论文的语言必须准确、鲜明、严密、有针对性。
段落与段落之间 要有非常清楚的逻辑关系 ,如总分 、对照 、层进 、并列等。借助起过渡性作用的语句来突出这种关系。如:“有”、“还有”“虽 然、但是”“固然”“诚然”“由此”是等。
议论文写作更需要哲理的思考
尤其是议论文,是奖善惩恶的,是对 人们进行规劝疏导的,是对人们引导作用的,因此必须有说服力,并要有正确 的价值取向。
认真上政治课,经 常的看看说理性的文章、名言警句等,将提高我们的思想素质,提高我 们认识能力,对我们写作,尤其是议论文 的写作大有好处。它会起到丰富文章内容,深化文章思想,提高说服力的 作用。
三、
A simple dcussion about Up
Pixar Animation Studios a superior about talking story at all times: Toy Story a story about deeply fraternal affection. Finding Nemo a story about a father’s introspection about h education road. The Incredibles a story about middle-aged man and wife’s life cr. Cars a story about moralities in physical education’s world by telling a star’s experiences. Ratatouille a story about a spirit that never gives up and you can realize your dream. Because of those wonderful cartoons, Pixar makes itself become an excellent symbol in cartoon sphere.
Therefore, Up worth being expected. And the truth that it’s a fantastic cartoon. To my mind, dream, commitment and responsibility the key of Up’s successful.
Children’s dreams are the easiest and the most romantic, on account of they always have deeply interest and passion for new things and strange world. But sometimes it’s difficult to realize their dreams by themselves; they usually need adults’ help. And those behaviors are not only their promes, but their commitments and responsibilities.
Russell and Carl’s relationship a key of Up. They have many differences: age, characters and background. And Up explains the relationship between adults and children by them.
Though Carl and Ellie’s love story just a few minutes, it impressive
and affecting. And it’s my favorite part in Up. Every man and wife wants to live a happy life, but true life usually makes it difficult to realize. But it doesn’t mean dream unpractical, prome untrue. Through Carl becomes unsociable and eccentric, he still remember h prome to Ellie. In my opinion, the thing which flies not the house, but a heart which brave and insts on its dream and prome.
And the adventurer, Charles a special role in Up. I think he stands for the people, who just care about their own benefit, totally forget social benefit and their roles in the society. There are so many kinds of dreams, so there are some persons make fame and wealth to be their goals. In fact, it reasonable, but it’s wrong to damage the social benefit. Th way of doing things terrible, shameful and lamentable. In the film, Charles forges sample at first, then kills many innocent men, and tries h best to get the animal, a kind of big bird. Everything he does for h own fame and wealth. The film has hit the right and wrong on the nose. In the final battle, empty-handed Charles fell down into a so deep cliff. It’s not only a punhment to him, but a satire to th kind of people.
Dream likes a check, prome likes an acceptance. Once you prome, you must try your best to make it come true for it your responsibility and duty.
记叙文的对照式结构其实可以看作是并列结构的一种特例,只因为并列的事例内容上是真与假、好与坏、美与丑、善与恶、公与私等对立的两方作对比,故称为对照式结构。如《守财奴》一课中,巴尔扎克就将葛朗台对金钱的执着和种种为争夺金钱的种种丑态和女儿欧也妮对金钱的无所谓,对父亲的真爱鲜明对比,突出葛朗台被金钱腐蚀的丑恶灵魂,以及欧也妮灵魂的美好和崇高。记叙文中的对照结构应该特别注意不要简单地通过评价直接对比,而要在字里行间要渗透作者的褒贬、爱憎之情,让事实说话。这几种技法,既是分别独立的,又可以融为一体,如总分中,分的内容可以是并列式,也可以是对照式,而无论是并列还是对照,在一篇文章中都只能围绕一个中心展开。所以不要可以追求形式,还是要集中展现人物性格以及文章主旨。
欢呼,在一朵朵不同的唇上出现。
招手,在一只只不同的臂前挥舞。
——题记
你看到过这样的镜头么?
一声急促的放学铃,校门在铃声中打开了。一群如小鸟般的孩子,脸上充满了笑容,奔走出了校门,逐渐逐渐散开去,四下寻找自己大人的身影。而大人们正在对面眺望是不是有自己的孩子出来。
你看到过这样的镜头么?
马路对面的大人,一旦发现自己的孩子,立刻开始大声喊叫,比方说,这里会喊出一句:“宝贝,妈妈在这里。”那里又会喊出一句:“唉,人在这里,你的眼睛看到哪里去了?”“孩子,快,车多,到奶奶这里来!”之类的。于是,整个对面,充斥着大人的呼唤。有粘糊糊的、有强健有力的、有沙哑的.······
你看到过这样的镜头么?
一旦发现自己的孩子离自己比较近,于是一把拽过孩子,拉到自己身边,一边拿下孩子身上负重的东西,一边抱怨着,不信,你听:“哎呀,你怎么这么晚才放学呀,我都等了好久。”而孩子则没理会这些,自顾自的说学校里发生了什么事,而大人则怜爱地听着。而没有接送的孩子,揪准机会买一点小零小碎的东西吃。人都是这么长大的。
你看到过这样的镜头么?
看见孩子在和同学打打闹闹,完全不顾大人的焦急等待。大人们先会是稍有放大愠怒,但那颗悬着的心放下了,于是表情也缓和下来了,变成一种温和的笑。轻轻拉着孩子,告诉他该回家了,下午还可以一起玩,一起聊,然后教孩子们互相道别。孩子是自己的掌上明珠,已经握在手里,难道还放不下么?
似乎,你也看到这样的镜头。
暑假即将来临。
你班同学讨论了假期计划,提出了不同看法。
请根据提示写一篇有关讨论的英语短文,并谈谈你的看法。
注意:1.短文必须写在答题卡的指定区域,词数80——120(不含已写好部分)。
2.短文必须包括表中所列要点,可根据内容分段表达。
3.可适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。
4.参考词汇:眼界——horizon(或view)
One possible version:
The summer holiday is coming. Our class have had a discussion about what to do during the holiday. Some are in favor of staying at home. They think it’s both convenient and comfortable. What’s more, they can save money for other purposes. But they will lose the chance of getting to know the outside world.
However, others prefer to go out for traveling since it can increase their knowledge and broaden their horizons. But they will spend more money and meet some difficulties while traveling.
In my opinion, it would be much better to stay at home, for I can do what I like, such as reading books, watching TV, and helping my parents with the housework.
Up a slightly-left-of-center masterpiece. The emotional impact of the beautiful, wordless summation of Carls life that opens the movie the bass note that resonates through the whole film and at least as affecting as the scene in Wall-E when he holds h own hands while watching Hello Dolly. The rest of the movie, of course, breathtaking on just about every level, especially the tactile quality of all the characters and textures and the completely realized weather effects and action scenes. With no "new" technical milestones (fur in Monsters, Inc., water in Finding Nemo, realtic camera effects in Wall- E, the design the main focus, from the hilariously stylized characters to the amazing setting of the tepui.
I know----thats a interesting trip!
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