在今天的英语课堂教学,教师除了简单的教授外,更注重与学生之间的互动交流。如何成功地引导学生配合教学活动,同时又保持学生的积极性,让课堂气氛融洽,顺利地完成教学任务,教师的课堂用语显得尤为重要。模糊限制语在英语教学中的运用可以使教师的语言显得礼貌得体,同时减轻学生的课堂压力,顺利完成教学任务并保证教学效果。
从语法角度来看,L.Zaden将模糊限制语分为四类。第一类,某些形容词、副词,如very,usually,recently,somewhere等。第二类,在某些词后加上“ish”,“likely”,“-ly”等后缀构成模糊限制语,如reddish,sweetish,manly,childlikely等。第三类,表示说话者对事情拿不定主意、犹豫不决的词,如as if,as thought,so- - - that等。第四类,说话者在表述自己意见时,为了显示更加有礼貌而采用的某些句式,如I think,I guess,it seems to me等。从语用功能角度来看,E.F.Prince及其同事J.Frader和C.Bosk把模糊限制语分为变动型模糊限制语(approximators和缓和型模糊限制语( shields。变动型模糊限制语可以通过其就话题的真实程度和涉及范围对话题内容进行修正。缓和型模糊限制语不改变话语结构的原意,用于指出话语是说话人或第三者的看法,使语气趋于缓和。
The start of this year's first class show strong,unusually brilliant.China's first female astronaut liu Yang first appeared as a guest speaker,she spoke about full of poetry,vivid tells the story of the beauty of the space,the beauty of the earth,at the same time also tells the story after she returned to the earth the beauty of human nature,tender feeling and touching.
Said liu himself in the space,more was shocked by the beauty of the earth,"this generation inhabit our planet,in the boundless universe should appear so magnificent,so dazzling,she segmental arc edge is visible,covered with a layer of blue and white halo,sunlight cast in the sea deep shallow blue,vein and clear,clear long coastline.The earth is so beautiful,exquisite planet,in a dark universe,quietly coruscate gives a dreamy,blue light,like a Mosaic on the black velvet of the sapphire,it is a kind of beyond the beauty of language.It is my home,where are my dearest friends and family,at that moment,I was so far away from the earth,but it is so close to".
Liu Yang can't wait to return to the bosom of the earth in space,"after such a trip to space,saw the smallness of the earth,to better understand the earth's greatest; left earth,and realize the dependence on the planet is infinite,infinite love.I love the sunshine here,love the fresh air here,love the pure water here,love the rivers and lakes here,love the mountains,plains,love live here diverse species,love living here we human beings".
The most beautiful,brought color to our life,warm every hurt heart,healing,gives people hope,the future and courage,they are the most beautiful,is also the most lovely!
课堂教学强调教师与学生之间的互动和交流,为了提高教师教的艺术性和学生学的效果,使用模糊限制语教学显得非常必要。
(一缓解学生紧张的压力
通常来讲,无论社会地位、知识水平还是权利分配,教师与学生都处于不平等关系。特别是课堂提问或开展互动活动时,教师都会对学生提出一些要求,而这些要求不能以命令式的语气,以避免给学生造成较大的压力。如:
(1I think you have got the answer, would you like to speak it out
(2 Could you say something about your family
一般来说,要生在课堂上回答问题,学生都会感到紧张。例子(1中,I think属于直接缓和语,使语气得以缓和。例子(2中could表示一种建议,学生对于回答这一问题就留有较大的余地,这就减轻学生回答问题时的压力。
(二增加表达的准确性和信服力
模糊限制语有提高话语准确性、使话语更可靠,客观的功能。在英语课堂中,教师通常会解释一些词的含义或阐述一种文化现象,使用模糊限制语使得教师的话语有根据,更有说服力。如在解释“honest”这个词时,教师用了这样一个句式:
(3 According to Oxford Dictionary, honest means not tellinglies, not cheating or stealing and straightforward.
在这个句子中,教师用了间接缓和型模糊限制语“according to”,说明这不是教师主观臆造的解释,而是来自权威的牛津词典,这就使得对这个词的解释更值得信服,具有权威性。
(三增强语言表达的委婉性
在教师与学生的交流中,其中一个重要的部分就是教师对学生的评价。学生对问题的回答有时会有错误或偏离题目原意,这是学生在学习过程中不可避免的,这时教师应委婉地指出错误,以免引起学生的抵触情绪和消极态度。如:
(4I'm afraid you had better think about it again.
例句中用了I'm afraid体现出教师没有采用正面否定的态度评价学生的回答,减轻了学生由于回答不够正确而出现的尴尬情绪,保护其回答问题的积极性。
四、结语
本文简要对模糊限制语的基本理论进行了阐述,并解释了模糊限制语在教师课堂语言中的作用。掌握模糊限制语在课堂教学中的使用技巧,能充分把握英语教学的规律和关键,从而提高英语课堂教学的效果。
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