1、要理解古诗的意境
2、要把握古诗的原意
3、要展开合理的想象
《宿新市徐公店》前两句“篱落疏疏一径深,树头花落未成阴”点出儿童捕蝶的背景。篱笆和小路,点明这是农村;“花落未成阴”和结句中的“菜花”都说明这是暮春季节。因此,在改写的时候要把握住特定的时间和地点。
后两句“儿童急走追黄蝶,飞入菜花无处寻”诗人将彩笔转入画面的中心,描绘儿童捕蝶的欢乐场面,这是这首诗的传神之处。“急走”、“追”是快速奔跑追逐的意思,这两个动词十分形象贴切,将儿童的天真活泼、好奇好胜的神态和心理刻画得惟妙惟肖,跃然纸上,而“飞入菜花无处寻”则将活动的镜头突然转为静止。“无处寻”三字给读者留下想象回味的余地,仿佛我们面前又浮现出一个面对一片金黄菜花搔首踟蹰、不知所措的儿童。因此,此处要展开合理的想象,抓住孩子的动作、神态,想象孩子的语言,让古诗丰满起来,这样,才能让古诗所表达的内涵凸显出来。
1。 头绪分明,脉络清楚
写好记叙文,首先要头绪分明,脉络清楚,明确文章要求写什么。要对所写的事件或人物进行分析,弄清事件发生、发展一直到结束的整个过程,然后再收集选取素材。这些素材都应该跟上述五个“ W ”和一个“ H ”有关。尽管不是每篇记叙文里都必须包括这些“ W ”和“ H ”,但动笔之前,围绕五个“ W ”和“ H ”进行构思是必不可少的。
2。 突出中心,详略得当
在文章的框架确定后,对支持故事的素材的选取是很关键的。选材要注意取舍,应该从表现文章主题的需要出发,分清主次,定好详略。要突出重点,详写细述那些能表现文章主题的重要情节,略写粗述那么非关键的次要情节。面面俱到反而使情节罗列化,使人不得要领。这一点是写好记叙文要解决的一个基本问题,也需要一定的技巧。如:
One night a man came to our house and told me, "There is a family with eight children。 They have not eaten for days。" I took some food with me and went。
When I finally came to that family, I saw the faces of those little children disfigured (破坏外貌) by hunger。 There was no sorrow or sadness in their faces, just the deep pain of hunger。
I gave the rice to the mother。 She divided the rice in two, and went out, carrying half the rice。 When she came back, I asked her, "Where did you go?" she gave me this simple answer, "To my neighbors — they are hungry also!"
3。 用活语言,准确生动
记叙文要用具体的事件和生动的语言对人、事、物加以叙述。一篇好的记叙文的语言既要准确、生动,又要表现力强,这样才能把人、事描写得具体生动,其可读性才强。试比较下面一篇例文修改的前后效果。
原文:
One day Xiaoqiang was wandering away。 He was soon lost among people and traffic。 He could not find the way back home and started crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by found him standing alone in front of a shop and crying。 They went up to Xiaoqiang and asked him what had happened。 Xiaoqiang told them how he got lost and where he lived。 The two students decided to take him home。 Mother was pleased to see Xiaoqiang come back safe and sound。 She invited the two students into the house and gave them some money, but they didn't take it。 She served them with tea but they left。
修改后:
The other day, five-year-old Xiaoqiang left home alone and wandered happily in the street。 After some time, he felt hungry so he wanted to go back home。 But he found he was lost among the crowded people and heavy traffic。 When he could not find the way home, he started and crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by from school found him sanding crying in front of a shop。 They immediately went up to him。
"Little boy, why are you standing here crying?" they asked。
"I want Mom, I go home。" said the boy, still crying。
"Don't worry, we'll send you home。"
And they spent the next two hours looking for the boy's house。 With the help of a policeman, they finally found it。
When the worried mother saw her son come back safe and sound, she was so thankful and she invited the students into her house。 Gratefully, she offered them some money, saying it was a way to express her thanks, but the young students firmly refused it and left without even a cup of tea。
导入:
第1段:提出一种现象或某个决定作为议论的话题
As a student, I am strongly in favour of the decision. (亮明自己的观点是赞成还是反对
The reasons for this may be listed as follows. (过渡句,承上启下
正文:
第2段:First of all... Secondly... Besides...(列出2~3个赞成或反对的`理由
结论:
第3段:In conclusion, I believe that... (照应第1段,构成"总—分—总"结构
This is my first week in ** Senior Middle School.Everything here is new for me.Our school is an old school but it`s very beautiful.I have 50 new classmates in my class.They`re all very excellent, I think, and I felt a little sad.Because I`m too common.But come to think of it,it`s a very good thing.I believe I can also be very excellent if I study with such excellent classmates.I didn`t know why Ms *** chose me to be the committee of study.But I know it`s a good chance for me to raise my ability.All I can do is do my best in the future.I am sure that Ms *** and my classmates can help me when I do something wrong. Because they`re all very kind.It`s a pleasure to work and study with them.I`m really very happy.I`m not an outstanding student in this class,but I can do the same thing like others.I believe I won`t make anyone disappointed.
1。 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street。 Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast。 I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side。 But it was too late。 The car hit my bike and I fell off it。
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard。 On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover。 Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short。 What could he do? Then he had a good idea。
2。 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的',这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3。 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4。 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things。 Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao。 It is really a beautiful city。 There are many places of interest to see。 But what impressed me most was the sunrise。
The next morning I got up early。 I was very happy because it was a fine day。 By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red。 In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing。 The sun was very red, not shining。 It rose slowly。 At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball。 At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright。
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5。 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something。 Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front。 I thought maybe someone was knocking the door。 I asked who it was but I heard no reply。 After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor。 I realized it was the cat。 I felt released。
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something。 "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front。 Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply。 After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor。 "It's you。" I said, quite released。
(1)不要纯粹翻译诗句。
(2)改写的内容不能脱离古诗词原来的意境。
(3)在符合古诗词原意的基础上可适当地进行想象、创新。
(4)行文过程中适当运用一定的修辞手法,比如比喻、拟人等,可令改写的文字更加生动。
(5)描写人物可适当运用语言描写、心理描写、动作描写。
(6)补充背景材料。在改写一些古诗时,还可以根据诗的内容特点和自己的理解情况,适当地补充季节特征、天气状况、地理环境、人物身份、事情起因等方面的背景材料。这样一来,就能进一步使改写的内容更加具体,生动形象。
总的来说,在深入理解古诗的基础上,只要能恰当地翻译出诗的意思,充分地想象和领略诗的意境,和谐地融入人物的感受,并自然地添加有关背景材料,就一定能使改写出的习作具体、生动。虽然改写后已不再是诗的体裁,却仍然充满诗意,能给人以美的艺术享受。《宿新市徐公店》改写
夕阳西下,劳累了一天的杨万里走在新市的小路上,想找个地方投宿。这时,“徐工店”三个大字映入了他的眼帘。他急忙快步走去。一进入客房,他倒头就睡。
早晨,小鸟叽叽喳喳的叫声吵醒了杨万里。他推开窗,一股清新的空气扑鼻而来。
杨万里披上外衣走出了客栈,来到了田间小路上。小鸟站在枝头上,唱着欢快的歌儿。小河里的鱼儿蹦啊,跳啊,水声响彻小河上空。
太阳从东方徐徐升起,阳光缕缕,照在田野上。田野里大片大片的油菜花金黄金黄的,像是铺了一地金子,是不是天上的神仙不小心撒下来的?
杨万里不禁由衷地赞叹道:“真美呀!”
“快来呀!这儿有一只黄蝴蝶!”
杨万里循声望去,只见十几个扎着冲天辫、身穿布衣、手拿网兜的小孩子。正追赶着一只美丽的蝴蝶。
蝴蝶全身金黄金黄的翅膀上镶嵌着五颜六色的斑点。在阳光的映照下,一闪一闪的犹如一只会飞的金子在翩翩起舞。
它时而跳着小苹果,时而落在还没谢落的花儿采蜜,时而飞上飞下,调皮地对孩子们说:“你们捉不到我!捉不到我!”孩子们气得直跺脚。
蝴蝶也许累了,停歇在未成荫的叶子上。二狗子小声地对大家说:“嘘。现在是个好机会,我去把它给捉来。”
二狗子猫着腰,蹑手蹑脚地拿着网兜,向蝴蝶走去。“三米、二米、一米……”此时此刻,二狗子大气都不敢出了,悄悄地举起网兜,以迅雷不及掩耳之势朝蝴蝶扑去。“扑哧”一声,蝴蝶从网兜中逃了出去,钻进了油菜花中。它和油菜花融为了一体,令人找不到它。二狗子气歪了嘴。
杨万里被逗得哈哈大笑。他情不自禁地吟诵起来:
篱落疏疏一径深,
树头花落未成荫。
儿童急走追黄蝶,
飞入菜花无处寻。
导入:
第1段:Recently we’ve had a discussion about whether we should... (导入话题
Our opinions are divided on this topic.(观点有分歧
正文:
第2段:Most of the students are in favour of it.(正方观点
Here are the reasons. First... Second... Finally...(列出2~3个赞成的理由
第3段:However, the others are strongly against it. (反方观点
Their reasons are as follows. In the first place... What’s more... In addition...(列出2~3个反对的理由
结论:
第4段:Personally speaking, the advantages overweigh the disadvantages, for it will do us more harm than good, so I support it.(个人观点 オ
导入:
第1段:提出一种现象或某种困难作为议论的话题
正文:
第2段:Many ways can help to solve this serious problem, but the following may be most effective. First of all... Another way to solve the problem is ... Finally...(列出2~3个解决此类问题的办法
结论:
第3段:These are not the best but the only two/ three measures we can take. But it should be noted that we should take action to...(强调解决此类问题的根本方法
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