1。 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street。 Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast。 I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side。 But it was too late。 The car hit my bike and I fell off it。
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard。 On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover。 Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short。 What could he do? Then he had a good idea。
2。 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的',这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3。 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4。 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things。 Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao。 It is really a beautiful city。 There are many places of interest to see。 But what impressed me most was the sunrise。
The next morning I got up early。 I was very happy because it was a fine day。 By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red。 In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing。 The sun was very red, not shining。 It rose slowly。 At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball。 At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright。
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5。 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something。 Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front。 I thought maybe someone was knocking the door。 I asked who it was but I heard no reply。 After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor。 I realized it was the cat。 I felt released。
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something。 "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front。 Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply。 After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor。 "It's you。" I said, quite released。
职校英语教学应注重学生的英语语言实践活动,教师要积极引导学生参与课堂教学活动,培养学生乐于参与课堂教学实践活动的意识和习惯。交际教学法坚持以学生为中心、以方法为主导的教学原则和以交际为目的、师生互动的教学方法,充分调动、发挥学生主体性的学习方式,彻底改变单纯接受式的学习方式,使学生的学习效果大大增强。
交际教学法着眼于培养学生的'英语应用能力,给学生创造真实的交流语境,让学生在实际应用中学习英语,这样可以提高学生的学习兴趣,凸显学生的主体地位,使学生的学习效果大大增强。交际教学法在职校英语教学中的具体应用如下。
1.课前导入阶段。教师可根据每篇课文的不同内容布置相应的口语讨论题目,让学生以小组形式进行相关探讨,每位组员都要陈述自己的观点,组长负责汇总本组观点,并在讨论结束后在全班表明本组观点。教师就每个组的表现进行评价,并把各组的观点加以整理,最后导入即将学习的课文。当然,这只是其中的一种形式,教师还可以采用英语猜词游戏、辩论赛等形式给学生创设一个英语交流的真实语境。
2.课文讲解阶段。在这个过程中,教师就重点单词和词组进行讲解,然后让学生用这些词汇造句,使其做到会学会用,对于学生在使用单词的过程中出现的错误,教师应及时纠正。针对课文内容,教师可让学生按座位顺序依次朗读段落,然后以小组为单位就每段的段落大意进行总结,从而得出课文的中心思想。
3.课后总结阶段。在这个阶段,教师可根据课文内容设置相关问答题,让学生通过回答问题进一步巩固对文章的理解或者就整篇课文的观点展开讨论,提出支持或反对作者观点的理由,这样不仅可以提高学生学习英语的兴趣,还可以锻炼学生的独立思考能力。在实施交际教学法的过程中,教师应注意到学生英语水平和学习英语兴趣,不应对所有学生采取千篇一律的评价标准,这样或许会挫伤个别学生的学习兴趣,使交际教学法的实施达不到应有的效果。
1。 头绪分明,脉络清楚
写好记叙文,首先要头绪分明,脉络清楚,明确文章要求写什么。要对所写的事件或人物进行分析,弄清事件发生、发展一直到结束的整个过程,然后再收集选取素材。这些素材都应该跟上述五个“ W ”和一个“ H ”有关。尽管不是每篇记叙文里都必须包括这些“ W ”和“ H ”,但动笔之前,围绕五个“ W ”和“ H ”进行构思是必不可少的。
2。 突出中心,详略得当
在文章的框架确定后,对支持故事的素材的选取是很关键的。选材要注意取舍,应该从表现文章主题的需要出发,分清主次,定好详略。要突出重点,详写细述那些能表现文章主题的重要情节,略写粗述那么非关键的次要情节。面面俱到反而使情节罗列化,使人不得要领。这一点是写好记叙文要解决的一个基本问题,也需要一定的技巧。如:
One night a man came to our house and told me, "There is a family with eight children。 They have not eaten for days。" I took some food with me and went。
When I finally came to that family, I saw the faces of those little children disfigured (破坏外貌) by hunger。 There was no sorrow or sadness in their faces, just the deep pain of hunger。
I gave the rice to the mother。 She divided the rice in two, and went out, carrying half the rice。 When she came back, I asked her, "Where did you go?" she gave me this simple answer, "To my neighbors — they are hungry also!"
3。 用活语言,准确生动
记叙文要用具体的事件和生动的语言对人、事、物加以叙述。一篇好的记叙文的语言既要准确、生动,又要表现力强,这样才能把人、事描写得具体生动,其可读性才强。试比较下面一篇例文修改的前后效果。
原文:
One day Xiaoqiang was wandering away。 He was soon lost among people and traffic。 He could not find the way back home and started crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by found him standing alone in front of a shop and crying。 They went up to Xiaoqiang and asked him what had happened。 Xiaoqiang told them how he got lost and where he lived。 The two students decided to take him home。 Mother was pleased to see Xiaoqiang come back safe and sound。 She invited the two students into the house and gave them some money, but they didn't take it。 She served them with tea but they left。
修改后:
The other day, five-year-old Xiaoqiang left home alone and wandered happily in the street。 After some time, he felt hungry so he wanted to go back home。 But he found he was lost among the crowded people and heavy traffic。 When he could not find the way home, he started and crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by from school found him sanding crying in front of a shop。 They immediately went up to him。
"Little boy, why are you standing here crying?" they asked。
"I want Mom, I go home。" said the boy, still crying。
"Don't worry, we'll send you home。"
And they spent the next two hours looking for the boy's house。 With the help of a policeman, they finally found it。
When the worried mother saw her son come back safe and sound, she was so thankful and she invited the students into her house。 Gratefully, she offered them some money, saying it was a way to express her thanks, but the young students firmly refused it and left without even a cup of tea。
去年冬天,在机缘巧合之下去了甘肃省博物馆。这也是我第一次去历史类的博物馆。我们一行人刚到博物馆的时候,首先看到的是笼罩在夕阳余晖下的庄严肃穆的博物馆大楼。博物馆可以参观的有三层楼,包括了丝绸之路文明展、甘肃彩陶展、甘肃佛教艺术展等多个展厅。游览的时候我们没有请博物馆解说员,我们咨询的语音讲解自助服务后来也无疾而终。但后来有幸蹭到其他讲解员的解说,确实有不错的效果。
兰州,作为古丝绸之路的一个重要城市,曾经也是盛极一时。从精湛的马踏飞燕、色彩艳丽的玻璃莲花托展中似乎可以窥见一二;馆中魏晋丰富的壁画墓砖向后人生动的展示着当时人民的田园生活和家居生活;形象逼真的彩绘泥俑透露着当时社会的人情风貌和精湛卓越的手工技巧。
在游览完博物馆后,不禁感叹,博物馆真是一个集娱乐教育于一体的公共服务机构。相比学校教育,参观博物馆的第一感觉是自由,没有固定的参观顺序,没有一成不变的说教,可以自由的徜徉在与历史的对话中,并且在参观博物馆的过程中,没有课业压力,参观什么藏品全凭兴趣爱好。所以这一整个过程完全是美与知识的享受。
我们一直在说“文化自信”。“文化自信”从哪里来?来自中华民族几千年的优秀传统文化中。博物馆的藏品无一不向我们展示着中国传统文化的魅力。参观博物馆既是寻根寻源的的探索,也是传承发展中国优秀传统文化的历程。
博物馆教育是对历史的探寻、文化的传承,对于青少年来说更是一种情感的熏陶。比起学校教育,博物馆教育有许多优势。
首先博物馆教育打破了学校教育资源的局限,以实物为媒介,能创设出更加直观和真实的教育情景,用强烈的视觉冲突来增强学生对文化的理解和感受。比起传统课堂上的说教,让学生自己去发现、探索,更加有利于学生创造力思维的发展。
其次,博物馆课程更具综合性,既有对历史的探寻,也有美与情感的享受。这就对于分科课程来说,更有利于学生全面发展。
最后,博物馆教育方式更加灵活,可以由工作人员讲解,可以讲解加动手制作,也可以模拟实地考察。多样的教育方式既能增加学生的兴趣,也使中华文化在传承中不断创新发展。
导入:
第1段:Recently we’ve had a discussion about whether we should... (导入话题
Our opinions are divided on this topic.(观点有分歧
正文:
第2段:Most of the students are in favour of it.(正方观点
Here are the reasons. First... Second... Finally...(列出2~3个赞成的理由
第3段:However, the others are strongly against it. (反方观点
Their reasons are as follows. In the first place... What’s more... In addition...(列出2~3个反对的理由
结论:
第4段:Personally speaking, the advantages overweigh the disadvantages, for it will do us more harm than good, so I support it.(个人观点 オ
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