作者在前言里说,这是一本教你怎么做的书,一步一步地向你展示如何写成一本很棒的悬疑小说。而接下来,作者也是如此做的。他先分析人们阅读悬疑小说的原因,并以此作为悬疑小说创作的宗旨。
玛莉·勒德尔在《悬疑小说》一书中,给出了人们阅读悬疑小说的四个经典理由,她说,人们阅读悬疑小说,是为了获得:
一、追捕凶手刺激感的代入式体验……这是以侦探和读者的聪明才智为媒介,在智力层面实现的。
二、见证违法者受到惩罚的满足感。
三、对故事中人物(主要是主人公)和事件的自我认同感,这能让读者更有英雄的感觉。
四、对故事真实性的信任感觉。
关于悬疑小说作家需要了解的其他知识,包括:
● 英雄旅行最重要的意义在于,它在现代悬疑小说中出现的神话形式和功能可以对读者产生很强的吸引力。
● “推理征服邪恶”几乎是所有悬疑小说的前提。
● 在现代悬疑小说中,几乎所有待解的案件都是谋***案。
● 从审美或创造性的角度出发,悬疑小说只需要分为三种:类型悬疑小说、主流悬疑小说和文艺悬疑小说。类型悬疑小说关注悬疑本身。主流悬疑小说讲的是卷入谋***案破解过程中的人的故事。与类型悬疑小说相比,人物通常更有“质地”。文艺悬疑小说常带一种肃穆而沉闷的格调,被视为行走在阴暗的边界。
悬疑小说的创作是从一个出色的点子开始。一个出色的点子可以是有关某位独一无二的英雄的点子;一个不同寻常的地点;一种新颖的人物动机;也可以是一个很棒的开篇;或是惊艳的高潮。总之,一个出色的胚芽点子,就是能够唤起你的激情并点燃你的创造之火的点子。
相反,坏点子则扰乱了悬疑小说的形式规则。譬如:英雄有通灵能力(将谋***犯交付正义就不再依靠推理);***手在道德上并没有犯罪(他为了救自己的孩子而犯罪)。丑点子来源于平庸的业余侦探(低能者和懦夫)。
一旦有了自己的胚芽点子,你就需要坐下来,开始设计情节。在创作出情节背后情节(谋***犯的谋***计划)的作者(即谋***犯)之前,有两件事需要明确:故事发生的时间和地点。谋***犯的动机是任何悬疑小说的驱动力量,是小说的引擎。除了是一个三维的形象饱满、带有支配性情感并充满戏剧性的人物之外,我们对谋***犯的的塑造,还有其他几个方面要纳入考虑。即谋***犯须得邪恶,他只是从他或她的`个人利益出发采取行动的邪恶者。谋***犯又不可以表现出邪恶,他得是聪明和足智多谋的,须得受过创伤并且得是害怕的。
作家应该从人物的视角、以人物的口吻来为他写。这是深入人物内心的一种巧妙技术。在日记中,人物一定要完全地真诚、诚实并袒露心扉。
对人物进行检查,以确认创作的人物符合要求。
让谋***犯自己创作情节背后的情节。
创作你的英雄时,要格外用心。悬疑小说的英雄是一种重要的文化神话英雄。除了必须是一个三维的丰满的、戏剧性的人物并带有支配性情感以外,还需要满足以下条件:
充满勇气;
擅长他或她生计所系的本职;
有独特的天赋;
聪明且足智多谋;
受到过创伤;
是一个法外之徒;
有自我牺牲精神。
在英雄/侦探身上常见却不必要的特质:常常是一个独行侠;没有经济保障;忠于老友不忘初心;风流成性。
为类型化悬疑小说创造英雄时,应该让人物表现出戏剧性;需要其极度聪明并机智多谋;最好为你的侦探找一些稀奇古怪的怪癖。主流的小说人物需要有重病的孩子或者感情问题,主流的英雄/侦探通常要面临一些道德困境。文艺性的英雄/侦探通常都是一种黑暗的形象,有时候疯疯癫癫的,常常是躁郁症患者或瘾君子,有时候还是一个罪犯
德彪西这种新的创作方式在旋律上表现为:对浪漫音乐习惯使用的旋律写法一贯是敬而远之,弃之不用。扩展、反复、模进、分裂,这些人们所熟悉的旋律发展模式在他的笔下变成一些短小、且不连贯的动机结合。
To see a world in a grain of sand,
And a heaven in a wild flower,
Hold infinity in the palm of your hand,
And eternity in an hour.
一沙一世界,
一花一天堂,
手中即无限,
永恒亦短暂。
Nowadays, many famous university campuses have become one of the popular tourist attractions. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that every year thousands and thousands of middle school students visit Tsing Hua University and Peking University and other famous universities in China. In the place far away from the capital city, the local students also visit the universities famous in their own province.
So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to open the university campus for tourists? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing for the students to visit the famous university campus in that it can enable the middle students to get more information about the university and they can have enough time and opportunity to prepare themselves with the chance to get into the university. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, the public tourism will have negative effect on the universities because it will not only do harm to the environment but also to the intellectual atmosphere.
In my opinion, the tourism to the universities is not a good thing. The campus is mainly a place for study. With the increasing tourism on the campus, it will ruin the spiritual atmosphere in this learning field.
首先,提纯范文 “谋篇布局”及结构模板。
第一段:提出问题或现象。Nowadays, … … have become one of the popular … …. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that … ….
第二段:正反列举人们的看法。So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to … …? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing for … … in that … …. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, … … will have negative effect on … … because it will not only do harm to … … but also to … ….
第三段:摆明自己观点。In my opinion, … … is not a good thing. … … With the increasing … …, it will ruin … ….
其次,提纯范文“段落写作”。
段落写作分为统一性,连贯性和完整性三方面。
统一性(unity:段落开头的主题句应该做到不可太宽泛,也不可太具体,做到有较强的概括性才能使下文做到有的放矢的展开。范文第二段首句以设问的方式提出一个问题is it a good or bad thing就有很强的概况性。下文自然会一方面从好的方面说明,另一方面从坏的方面说明。
连贯性(coherence:关联词是使文章段落之间相互连贯的必要条件。范文中nowadays, on one hand, on the other hand, in one’s opinion即以“启承转合”递进的顺序是文章条理清晰,层层展开。
完整性(completeness:以设问句“So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to open the university campus for tourists?”开头,这是平时较少运用的段落写作方式——设问法。“On one hand … …. On the other hand, … ….”是段落写作分类列举法的典型用法。
再次,提纯范文“句子写作”。
1. It has been shown that … …
类似句型:It is known to us that … …
It is said that … …
It is reported that … …
It is controversial that … …
2. “… … Tsing Hua University and Peking University and other famous universities … …。”——并列句。并列句是简单的复杂句。但其运用方法并不简单,注意练习并接句的使用,会使句子显的更加饱满。
3. enable v. 使…能够
I gave him full directions to enable him to find the house.
4. in that = because
表“因为”的连词还有since, for, as,如:
The boy was absent because he was ill. = The boy was absent since he was ill.
此句以我们常用的人称开头,句式简单,我们可以通过把since提前改变句式,如:
Since the boy was ill, he was absent. 句式多样化。
最后,提纯范文“措辞”。
1. attraction n. 具有吸引力的事情。
2. thousands and thousands 成千上万的
形容“多”的表达方法:millions and millions
a multitude of
a great deal of
a large amount of
plenty of
many a
3. “some people argued that … …”中的“argue”并不是“讨论,辩论”的意思,而是“认为”。
I argue that … …
I maintain that … …
I claim that … …
I insist that … … = I think that … …
I hold that … …
I assert that … …
I assume that … …
4. negative adj. 否定的.,相反的
hold negative view = hold opposite opinions
5. phenomenon n. 现象
social phenomenon 社会现象
natural phenomenon 自然现象
6. intellectual adj. 聪明的= intelligent, bright, clever
(选词策略:使用最近所学的单词,如intellectual > intelligent > bright > clever
在分析并掌握范文之后,我们需要运用范文知识练习仿写。笔者运用2005年12月范文中的模板结构仿写了2006年12月的四级作文,以供参考:
1. 许多人喜欢在除夕夜看春节晚会
2. 但有些人提出取消春节晚会
3. 我的看法
Nowadays, the Spring Festival Evening has become one of the popular topic and attractions during every traditional New Year’s Eve. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that every year thousands and thousands of Chinese people appear to be accustomed to enjoying the sights and sounds of a brilliant feast, while gathering with their beloved family.
However, an increasing number of people have voiced different opinions towards it. So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to cancel the Spring Festival Evening? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing to amuse the audience in that it is composed by a numerous adequate programs, such as the emotional song, the graceful dance, the funny short sketch, the amusing comic dialogue, the delightful magic, and the marvelous acrobatics and so on. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, the Spring Festival Evening will have negative effect on the family harmony because it will not only do harm to having the talks between family members on the Spring Festival Eve but also to enjoying the gourmet meal in a fancy restaurant.
In my opinion, the Spring Festival Evening is a good thing. It may not remain a must for all people, but it can bring us a strong sense of festivity and serve as an alternative among the variety of holiday activities. With the increasing audience of the Spring Festival Evening, it will ruin a distinctive culture during the Spring Festival vacation.
Expert tips on how to prevent avian influenza H7N9 collated by current argument data dictionary
1.平时加强体育锻炼,多休息,避免过度劳累,不吸烟,勤洗手;注意个人卫生,打喷嚏或咳嗽时掩住口鼻。
1 usually strengthen physical exercise, rest more, avoid excessive overworked, do not smoke, wash their hands; pay attention to personal hygiene, when sneezing or coughing and cover your nose and mouth.
2.保持室内清洁,使用消毒液清洗的地毯,避免使用难以清洗的地毯,保持地面、天花板、家具及墙壁清洁,确保排水道通畅;保持室内空气流通,应每天开窗换气两次,每次至少10分钟,或使用抽气扇保持空气流通;尽量少去 空气不流通的场所。
2 keep the room clean, use disinfectant cleaning carpets, avoid the use of hard to clean the carpet, keep the floor, ceiling, furniture and walls clean, to ensure smooth drainage channel; maintains the indoor air circulation, ventilation windows should be at least two times a day, 10 minutes each time, or use a fan to keep air circulation; as little as possible to airless places.
3.注意饮食卫生,进食禽肉、蛋类要彻底煮熟,加工、保存食物时要注意生、熟分开;养成良好的卫生习惯,搞好厨房卫生,不生食禽肉和内脏。解剖活(死家禽、家畜及其制品后要彻底洗手。
3, pay attention to food hygiene, eating meat, eggs should be thoroughly cooked, processing, preservation of food to the attention of raw, cooked separately; develop good health habits, good kitchen hygiene, do not eat raw poultry meat and offal. Anatomy of living (dead to wash hands thoroughly, livestock and poultry products.
同时,在户外洗手不方便的时候,可以使用免洗洗手液,随身携带,随时随地隔离病菌,呵护您的健康。
At the same time, when the outdoor hand-washing is not convenient, can use hand sanitizer, carry whenever and wherever possible, isolate the pathogen, take care of your health.
4.发现疫情时,应尽量避免与禽类接触;公众特别是儿童应避免密切接触家禽和野禽。
4 found in the epidemic, should avoid contact with poultry; the public especially children should avoid close contact with poultry and wild birds.
5.注意生活用具的消毒处理。禽流感病毒不耐热,100°C下一分钟即可灭活。对干燥、紫外线照射、汞、氯等常用消毒药都很敏感。
5 pay attention to disinfection and living appliances. Avian influenza viruses do not heat, 100 ° C, one minute can be inact
[1] 保罗霍尔姆斯.德彪西[M].杨庭惠,译.南京:江苏人民出版社,1999.
[2] 菲尔G古尔丁.古典作曲家排行榜[M].雯边,译.海口:海南出版社,1998.
[3] 钱仁康.欧洲音乐简史[M].北京:北京高等教育出版社,2007.
[4] 人民音乐出版社编辑部.德彪西钢琴曲选[M].北京:人民音乐出版社,2004.
德彪西音乐的曲式结构另辟蹊径。对传统的曲式原则与规范也大多不屑一顾,特别是对奏鸣曲式这种传统曲式中经典结构形式,他更表现出一幅冷漠的样子,似乎在他的音乐中根本不存在奏鸣曲式。德彪西具有对音乐结构整体把握能力,他有着大胆而又匀称,精确的结构思维方式,他的作品结构多以三部性为基础。
那是在柳江古镇,我和同伴们在完成了写生创作到处闲逛之时,突然发现了一个转糖画的摊点,大家蜂拥而上,看着伙伴们兴高采烈大快朵颐的样子,我突发奇想,于是我对摊主说:“能让我亲自操作一次吗?”没想到他竟然答应了,我选择了马,因为马是我的吉祥物。我用小铜勺舀了一勺糖汁,由于我是第一次做,非常紧张,手都不听始唤,抖得厉害,糖汁溅在木板上,到处都是,根本不成图案。我拿出了钱对摊主说:“我能再试一次吗?”他同意了。这次我定了定心神,稳住了双手,可是马在头脑中的形象变模糊了,于是我的作品成了一半像马,一半又什么都不是的东西,我沮丧极了,这么简单的东西我怎么做不好呢?这时摊主对我说:“小兄弟,你是第一次做糖画吧!来,让我来教教你。”他先向我介绍了一些做糖画的基本要领,然后递给我一张马的图案,让我在一边临摹,然后他示范起来了。只见他执勺在手,静气凝神,流糖如丝,灵巧的手腕抖、提、顿、放,时快时慢,时高时低,倾刻间一匹骏马跃然于木板上。哇!我叹服啦!于是我老老实实地开始临摹图案,直到马的图案在我头脑中越来越清晰,于是我又走上了操作台,心中默念着操作要领,学着摊主的样子,开始了创作。啊!我终于成功了,我实现了儿时的愿望。
拿着我这幅最得意的创作,我明白了:一分汗水,一分收获的道理。
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