读过《万历十五年》才明白,在万历皇帝的平庸之下,是他对自己身份的无奈和痛苦。皇帝在体制中逐渐成了一种象征,他的身份带给他的限制完全不少于任何一个普通人。他甚至不能根据自己的心意去立储,正是意识到了自己只是这强大体制中的一个象征,而非一个有血有肉的人,所以他只能消极怠工,这是他反抗的一种方式。而和皇帝对立的文官集团,他们信仰道德礼教,相信世世代代传下来的规矩礼法,而在皇帝“无为”的统治之下,他们一腔热血毫无用武之地。皇帝和文官之间长久的博弈,使得矛盾日渐加深,最终成为双方皆败的悲剧。
另外还有张居正和戚继光,他们是那个时代中璀璨夺目的人,就如黄仁宇先生所说,他们有造反的能力,但没有造反的心思。但是这种能力终究是让人忌惮的,因此他们最终也是树倒猢狲散的结局,只能感叹一句“古今将相在何方,荒冢一堆草末了”。还有海瑞,以前他给我的映像就是个十全十美的清官、完人,然而真正看了这本书才知道海瑞的局限,真的有点可怜,不合时宜地想要以一己之力去撼动体制,但最终因为能力和智力都不够,只能活成一种正义清廉的\'象征,而将自己的人生搞得一塌糊涂。李贽就更复杂了,我大概还要去多看一些书才能真正读懂他。
最终,黄仁宇先生这本书里的人,都不是非黑即白的。他们都有自己的抱负和理想,但在个人之上还有体制,体制之上还有更大的命运,人们身处其中无力反抗,造成了本朝巨大的历史遗憾。所以,他说,“人世间很多残酷的事都用道德的名义去施行,也是中外古今一律。”在以圣贤的“道德”标准之下,每个人或多或少地活成了自己身份的象征,而非有血有肉的灵魂,于是大家被禁锢的姿态都显得异常绝望。
在上高中的时候就常听老师说起《万历十五年》,读完《万历十五年》,你会发现在近代中国发生的许多事情都是可以预见的,中国近代的衰败与腐朽,懦弱与自大,无疑可以从《万历十五年》中品味出来。
万历十五年,这一年平淡无奇,和历史上绝大多数的一年一样平淡,但就在这平淡无奇的一年中,发生了很多细枝末叶的且极容易被忽略的事。这些事,表面看来虽似末端小节,但实质上却是发生大事的症结所在,也是将在得以掀起波澜的机缘。在这一年中发生的事为将来孕育了祸根。
万历皇帝在刚刚9岁的时候就登上了皇位,一成不变的生活,重复的事情,不变的礼仪,令年仅24岁的万历皇帝心生厌恶,权力被束缚,行动言语都受到约束,仿佛一个提线木偶,无法自主。万历皇帝的一生处于不断的被束缚中,万历皇帝也想做一个好皇帝,但朝堂上的寸步难行,一成不变的生活令万历丧失了信心与激情,到了后期万历的做法是无为而治,不在花费大量的时间精力去管理国家事务。在这个国家治理体系中,没有绝对的权威,即使你是皇帝,很多事情也是不能做的。
在多年学习中,我们都接受了这样的观念:封建集权统治在明清空前强化,皇权至高无上。但是在万历皇帝身上,我们似乎看到了皇权的旁落或者弱化。尤其在立储这个问题上,万历皇帝前前后后奋斗了三十几年,终也没有实现立他最宠爱的皇三子常洵为皇太子的梦想。
万历皇帝是可悲的,他曾竭尽全力想做一个好皇帝,一个好君王,可是文官集团势力的强大,让万历皇帝寸步难行,作为一个皇帝,他是可悲的,作为一个君王,他是不合格的。在僵硬的体制下,万历皇帝似乎已经成为了一个象征,在祭祖大典上作出正确的礼仪与行为,在朝堂上只需要同意文官集团的奏折,在万历皇帝的身上我们似乎看不到像秦始皇的唯我独尊,看不到唐太宗的不可一世,皇帝似乎成了一个文官集团为了统治国家而推出的傀儡,寸步难行的万历,无法作为的的万历。在这段历史中,我无法说明谁对谁错,只有一声叹息。
当新学期来临时,许多学生对新生活表现得很兴奋。在大学,新生快乐地享受着自由。在接下来的四年里,他们希望过着高中描绘的\'美好生活。但事实是,大学生活中有很多东西要学。
First, the major knowledge occupies the most important role. As a student, learning knowledge is their job, while many students focus on playing cellphone in the class, or just sleep. They lose interest in studying when they come to the free environment. Mastering the professional skill helps them to be competitive. The sad thing is that most of them can't realize it.
首先,专业知识占据着最重要的角色。作为一名学生,学习知识是他们的工作,而很多学生在课堂上玩手机,或者睡觉。当他们来到自由的环境后对学习失去了兴趣。掌握专业技能帮助他们提高竞争力,可悲的是,大多数人没有意识到这一点。
Second, as there is much free time, they can make use of it and gain the valuable experience. Students can join some clubs to develop more interest, or find part-time jobs. It is better than to stay in the dorm and play computer games all the time.
第二,由于空闲时间多,他们可以充分利用好这些时间,并从中获得宝贵的经验。学生可以参加一些活动来发展更多的兴趣爱好,或找份兼职工作。比呆在宿舍玩电脑游戏好多了。
A lot of students feel lost in the campus, because they don't plan campus life well. The things you learn will make you different in the future.
很多学生因为没有计划好校园生活在所以迷失了。所学到的东西会让你在未来有所作为。
Since the 1970s, with the worsening oil crisis, the major businesses in the automotive internal combustion engine as much as possible to reduce the car's fuel consumption, while sparing no effort in the development of hybrid vehicles and new energy vehicles. There are hybrid gas-electric hybrid and mixed fuel in two forms, both in the car body design is no different with the traditional internal combustion engine vehicles, the future trend is nothing more than a continuation of current trends, efforts to reduce the drag coefficient, reducing weight while increasing strength and stiffness and so on.
Hybrid vehicle technology only in the product over, to really new energy vehicles, preparatory and experimental products, the ultimate trend or completely replace the existing traditional energy vehicles by the new energy vehicles.
When you look back on yourself in the past – 10, 20, 30 or more years ago – it’s surprising to see how much you have changed over time. Your experiences, your friends, your family and your work have all shaped who you are right now. But where will you be in another few years? How will you have changed? Reflective writing in your journal is an excellent way to think about what you want out of the future.
当你10年、20年或更多年后回顾过去时,你会吃惊地发现,随着时光的流逝,你也发生了很大的变化。你的经历、朋友、家庭和工作造就了现在的你。但是再过几年你会在哪里呢?你会如何变化呢?这样反思性的写作,会是思考未来你想要什么的一种好的方式。
You may have already written a letter to your younger self before, conveying all the wisdom and perspective you wish you had had at the time. Now consider the opposite end of the spectrum; what would you say if you wrote your future self a letter?
你也许以前试过给过去的自己写信,向年轻时的自己传授一些人生的智慧和观点,你希望那时候的自己就能知道这些。现在我们换个角度看问题,如果让你给未来的自己写封信,你会写点什么?
Just imagine writing a letter to your future self 5 years from now, then opening it at that exact moment 5 years down the road to see how much of it resonated with you. It is a useful supplementary tool to be used in goal achievement, because when you write the letter to your future self, it helps crystallize exactly how you anticipate yourself to become at that specific moment down the road.
想象一下,给5年后的\'自己写一封信,当5年后你打开那封信时,你会产生多少共鸣。这是实现目标的一种有用的辅助工具,因为当你给未来的自己写信时,你会慢慢理清希望自己在人生旅途的那个特定时刻变成什么样子。
As you read the letter in the future, you can assess how many things match up (or not vs. your expectations in the past and think about why that’s the case. Often times, the goals we set and our goal achievement process are subjected to a lot of changes along the way, due to varying obstacles, unanticipated circumstances and changing priorities. The letter gives you a macro-view of your initial vision and lets you recognize how your current vision differs from the past.
当你在未来读这封信时,你可以看看有多少事情是像你过去期望的那样,你也会思考为什么会这样。很多时候,我们设定目标在实现的过程中会受到沿途中各种因素的影响,因为会遇到各种各样的困难、各种意外情况并需要不断调整优先级。这封信能让你从宏观的角度上去看自己最初的愿景,让你意识到自己现在的想法和过去相比有多么不同。
When you open the letter in the future, you as your future self gets to compare how you used to be in the past and compare with how you are currently. This lets you see in totality how much things have changed since then – and this can be a really intriguingexperience. It’s interesting to just see how much you have grown/changed since you wrote the letter.
当你以后看信时,你会把过去的自己和现在的自己进行比较。这会让你看清从写信时起你发生了哪些变化,这种体验是非常有趣的。光看看从你写信开始发生了哪些变化就很有趣了。
终于断断续续读完《万历十五年》,这是今年看的最慢的一本书,总是没有太多的零碎时间可以用。
这本书总体上讲讲,是一部悲剧的书,悲剧的人物、悲剧的时代、悲剧的政治、悲剧的中国,然而黄仁宇却可以在上世纪六七十年代去完成这部巨作,虽然其中有一些西方的研究方法理念上的痕迹,但绝不掩盖这本书在那种情况下诞生的光芒,何况,黄先生之谦虚,让人敬慕,他说:下一代的人证实我们的发现,也可能检讨我们的错误,也就等于我们看到前一代的错误一样。以这样的视角去看待历史、以这样的胸怀去解读历史,这才是我中华民族应有的眼界与胸怀吧。他让我们看到了不一样的帝王,那种落寞、愤慨,是那个时代的文官集团和政治制度所赐。
让我们看到了不一样的文官武将,文官不仅用笔,更会用心,更会制衡,武将不止使刀,亦会攻心,会迎合……这些历史,让人不可思议,让人瞠目结舌,让人流连忘返,让人叹之、敬之、爱之、骂之……历史长河中,发生过的事,总会以特有的方式让人记住、被人提起的!
What appearance is prospective car?You do not know!That le,it is like train of magnetism in suspension in sky travel.There is a guide in the car -- satellitic navigation system.The glass of the car can prevent ultraviolet ray,make the person\\'s eye is not harmed.The car is to rely on to compress the reactive force that air releases to fill the car,rely on another compression again air is in a rear eduction,the car runs quickly to ahead like jet aircraft.Car rate of future is very rapid,one hour can run hundreds of kilometers,even thousands of kilometer.You let it open way of how many kilometer,want to say to the car only,the car can bade by yours go doing.Prospective car has a lot of advanced places:There is same thing in the car,can control the steering wheel of the car.
You should say where to go to only,it can take you automatically where to go to.It can operate steering wheel,need not you worry about.Reached that place,the car can stop automatically,next,can give out automatically \\" toot toots \\" sound,remind you to had arrived stood.Car shell of future is very beautiful.Whole car is yellow.But,you look carefully,there can be one to above discovery the horizontal line of multicoloured,match very equably.There is a thing in the car,can make the car has invisible effect.How!Prospective car is magical!Believe you like very much certainly!
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