2.1. 物质过程(Material Process)
通俗来说,物质过程即为“做”的\'过程,是外部经验的再现,也是某事被完成的过程。物质过程一般由行为动词,动作者(Actor)和目标(Goal)组成。动作者是行为的发出者,如句子 “She cooks for the children on the stove”中的“she”。而目标含指向性,表示某行为或动作的承受者,如“onetuner and handle 1,000 pianos a year”中的“1000 pianos”。值得注意的是,物质过程并非纯指具体的物理动作,它也可是抽象的,如句子 “ he learned fast”.
2.2 心理过程(Mental Process)
心理过程表达的是人所感,所想,所思等心理活动的过程,一般有两个参与者,一个是心理活动的感觉主体即“感觉者”(senser),另一个是被感知的客体即“现象”(phenomenon)。与物质过程不同的是,心理过程的参与者之一是可感觉,反应和认知的人,如“Tom dislikes her ‘special’ pumpkin pie intensely”中的“Tom”。通过修辞手法被赋予意识和感知功能的物也可作为 “感觉者”,如“it”在句子“it (money) pleasured grandpa to put a few golden Indian heads onhis vest”中的作用。
2.3 关系过程(Relational Process)
关系过程表达的是“是”的关系,即具有某种联系的物,人,情形或事件之间的关系,或指某一物的属性,特点或所处状态等,大致可分为两种模式:修饰型(attributive)和认同型(identifying)。修饰型包含两个参与者,载体(carrier)即含有某种属性的实体,属性(attribute),即对载体的限定功能语法,在例句“one of the wise Men was educational in the highestsense...”中,“one of the wise Men”是载体,“educational”是属性。认同型则包含被认同者(identified)和认同者(identifier),如“The shcoolhouse is a two-room frame buiding”,“the schoolhouse”是被认同者,“a two-room frame building”是认同者。
2.4 行为过程(Behavioral Process)
行为过程指的是各种生理或心理行为,如呼吸,咳嗽,微笑,哭泣,做梦等。行为过程只有一个参与者,通常为人的行为者(behaver),例如“in thecountry he sleeps better at night”,“the pupilssit still at their desks in class”。某些情况下,行为过程与物质和心理过程的界限并不明显,因为行为者作为意识体与感觉者非常相似,而行为者发出的动作类似于物质过程中的“做”。
2.5 言语过程(Verbal Process)
言语过程是通过语言交换信息的过程,广义上来说就是“说”的过程,通常用到的动词有say,tell,talk,praise,describe等,如“he may proclaim his ownvirtue or skill”。言语过程的主要参与者有说话者(sayer),听话者(receiver),以及言语内容(verbiage)。 说话者可以是任何能表达某种信息的物体,并不一定要求具有意识性,如 “the book tells of one soldier who survived”。
2.6 存在过程(Existential Process)
存在过程表达的是某物或人存在的情况,通常只有一个参与者,即存在物(existent)。典型的存在过程如“thereis no supervised play”,或含表存在的动词,exist,remain,come about,happen等等。
My favorite season is winter, because I like the cold weather in winter and I like dress warm clothes.
Winter is the fourth season in the year. It begins around December.In the northern part of China, it usually snows in winter, so it’s a white season.There are many snow games to have fun in the winter.But in the south, it hardly snows. When it rains, it becomes very cold.People barely go to the outdoors.
[1]Halliday,M. A. K.Language as Social Semiotic[M]. London: Arnold,1978.
[2]胡壮麟,姜望其.语言学教程[M]. 北京大学出版社,2001.
[3]Halliday,M. A. K.An Introduction to Functional Grammar[M]. 外语教学与研究出版社;Edward Arnold( Publishers) Limited,2000.(2011)08-0000-00
Winter morning is very beautiful, not letter, please have a look at --
Pushed open the door to go out every morning, the bitter wind blowing, with ing to me from time to time. And, occasionally, there will be a naughty little snowflake swirl to fall down, just like dancing. Hexagonal snowflakes all kinds: some like silver needle, some like leaves, and as a scrap of paper... It looks good. Fall to the ground, as if the earth covered with a thick blanket; Fall in the trees, like putting on the silver; Fall in the car, like freshly baked fresh cream cakes. This beautiful snow makes people immersed in the fresh air. White everywhere, beautiful.
However, most can make people in the home can be the first to feel the breath of winter is the window on the ice, some like a forest, mysterious; Some like a stream, as if to flowing; Some like Santa Claus, as if to give people gifts... Winter girl is really ingenuity!
At the club, it is a sea of people, very lively. People wear thick cotton-padded clothes, like cotton. He (she is acpanied by beautiful music, for morning exercise.
Artificial lake on a thick layer of ice, some naughty little classmate play bat on the lake, there were laughter from time to time, the surface of the lake. ......
In winter, very cold. To be honest, I do not want it to e, but it es, but I have a strange feeling. Oh, I love winter, because winter \"of the wind tests the strength\", I love its character.
Although winter means cold weather, I love it all the same.
I think winter is a beautiful season, especially when it snows. Snowflakes fall down naughtily. They fall on branches of trees, on roofs of houses and on wheat fields. Soon the whole earth will be dressed in white. Everything is shining in the sun. Every time it snows, I will remember an old saying, \"Winter has come, can spring be far away?
今年寒假,我和范布宁等三个小朋友一起去报了一个“素描班”,除了画架等材料,学费全免,连“学生”也是“老师”组织起来的。哈哈,其实是我想学素描,妈妈帮我组织的,因为她就是老师。
第一节课是教画圆柱。在正式画之前,先需要整理用品:铅笔要削好,画架要搭好,纸要铺好……我高兴得不得了,恨不得直接动手画,还得先看示范吧。先打一个框架,再打线条,深深浅浅……转眼间,一个漂亮的圆柱就诞生了,好像是放在纸上的,超有立体感。因为素描有高光点、亮面、灰面、阴影、明暗交接线五调子,把这五调子表现出来就有立体感了。看着妈妈画,我想:“这简单,看我的!”于是开始学妈妈的样子打框架。但有句话说的好:看事容易做事难。
刚开始打圆柱上面的那个扁圆时就发现:原来这么难!笔好像故意在和我作对似的,怎么也打不圆。而妈妈要求用直线组成圆,我却直线画成了圆弧。这时我一开始的高兴劲全像天边的云被风吹走了一样,无影无踪了。我费了九牛二虎之力,终于勉强画好了我的框架,但“不幸”还是发生了:妈妈说我画得:1、太小;2、结构不对。两个原因就把我的这幅“佳作”PS掉了,并让我在反面重画。这真让我“欲哭无泪”啊!我只好老老实实地看妈妈是怎么画的,然后学着妈妈样用心去临摹,终于又一次勉强把框架画好了。看看范布宁:哇,她画得真快!但我告诫自己:不能急,画得太快会把好不容易搭起来的框架搞糟的。
接下来是在框架里用线条画出明暗,这样就有立体感了。打线条也是有讲究的,线条要打得两头一样粗细,做到“两头轻,中间略粗”为最高境界。但这种线条不是一天两天能够练出来的,这是一点;第二点更重要的是打线条千万不能乱,打出来要一组一组的,并要有在角度的交叉。如先打横着的一组,再打斜着的一组;第三点是线条的深浅关系,如果要浅,则既可以减少线条数量,也可以把线条加深或变浅,除了手上用力不一样,加深或变浅可以用不同软硬度的.铅笔。
最后,我完成了那张作品。看着有些模样的圆柱,我颇有些自豪:这可是我的第一张作品哦!当时自以为画得不错,等到“培训班”结束,看看真是实在比较糟糕的。我的素描旅程作文青春人物素描作文课间十分钟素描作文
I like winter, it makethe world turned out to be a white one. I like winter, although it ivercold, wintry, but it iverbeautiful, the tree like covered with silver yarn, house like putting on the white cotton-padded jacket, like a quilt over the, thiimotherbab- winter snow baby. blow on the face of a kind of thing let a person feel like a knife of pain, blow when theput the garbage on the ground daway; will blow grasbent; also raised the fallen leavedaway, look, it appeared, that ithe cold wind! manof mfriendalso like winter, because snow can let umake a snowman, snowball, the snowball fights... although there ino snow thiyear, but i believe that it will snow next year, the year after a certain. think you make a snowman, passion i would think a cute little brown bear, it haa pair of small eyes, a big nose. i also want to pile of i like little doll, little rabbit...
I like winter, itbeautiful, itrather cold, although it ivercold, but i still like winter!
一片片洁白的雪花带着对天空的眷恋,对大地母亲的向往,轻轻地飘落。
它像一只只远方飞来的轻盈的白蝴蝶,翩翩起舞,嬉笑着,逗闹着,调皮地用身子相互碰撞着,仿佛捎来远方的好消息,着急地叩开我们的窗门。
雪花飘飘,轻轻落在枝桠上,亲密地挨着它,用身体为它抵挡北风的侵袭。树干上像开满了一朵朵雪白的梨花,四季常青的松柏,也满身簇拥着松蓬蓬的雪团,玉树琼枝亭亭而立,真是“忽如一夜春风来,千树万树梨花开。”
好一个粉雕玉砌的世界,一幢幢房屋像一个个的冰箱,屋檐下挂满了冰凌,千姿百态,在阳光的照射下,显得晶莹透亮,耀眼夺目!看着,看着,就出了神……这是哪里来的?冰凌房子是不是住着格林童话中,美丽的莴苣姑娘?我踮起脚尖儿,用力折了几根冰凌,扮成英武的王子。
调皮的小雪花向人们开启了玩笑,时而钻入我的脖颈,时而亲着我的脸面眉毛,它像一个神奇的化妆师,一会儿,就把我化妆成一个步履蹒跚的老爷爷,我情不自禁地伸出双手拥抱这美丽的雪花,我曾经幻想,在今年过年的时候,将她穿起来做成颈链,戴在亲爱的妈妈脖子上,也曾幻想,雪是甜的,很甜很甜,比冰淇淋还好吃,以至于我伸出舌头来品尝。
冬天,是织女精心剪成窗花送给大地的贺年片。
冬天,像穿着白纱裙的仙女旋转着,跳着“天鹅湖”。
冬天,像婴儿的心灵一样纯洁,你铺天盖地而来,无私地覆盖着万物,你悄无声息地孕育着绿色的春天,大家都说:瑞雪兆丰年嘛!
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