结合当前语文课程改革的实际,我想语文选修课程的实施将会遭遇如下一些困难:
(一师资问题
要素主义教育流派曾经认为“教师是宇宙的中心”,十分重视教师素养的培养,今天,我们依然认为教师具有如此重要的中心地位。但重视教师素养的培养对我们的新课程改革很有启发,我们必须重视师资培养。实现教师专业化要实施新的语文选修课程,必然需要建立一支高素质的教师队伍,这是上好选修课的必要条件。
(二教材问題
教材被认为是教学过程的四大要素(教师、学生、教材、环境之一,可见教材的重要性。教材是课程内容的重要载体,是教师教学和学生学习的重要凭借,是课程顺利实施的基本依托。与必修课程教材相比,选修课程教材的编写、出版以及选用等环节还有许多问题期待解决。其一,语文选修课程灵活多样,系列丰富,各地区各学校根据自己的需要灵活开设,这样一来同-类型的选修课程教材的需求数量就会相对局限于一个地区,甚至一个学校,需求数量必然会很少。由此就会带来编写、出版、发行教材巨大的人力、财力、物力浪费,我们怎样将这些控制到最低点?其二,高中语文课程标准建议可以拿一些现成的图书作为选修课程的教材,这就存在一个教材选用的问题,什么样的教材适合教师教学以及高中生学习需要呢?
(三评价问题
高中语文新课标当中虽对评价有比较详细的建议,但笔者认为评价仍是语文新课改一个大的问题,甚至是“瓶颈”。教育部副部长王湛同志在全国基础教育课程改革实验工作座谈会上的讲话中说:“评价与的改革是课程改革的一个有机组成部分,同时也是保障课程改革顺利进行的关键之一”。我们知道,评价具有诊断、导向、激励等许多功能,而在目前,髙中学习其评价主要是与考试结合在一起,特别是高考。在这种情况下,学生则很容易放弃选修课程的学习。因而要很好的发挥选修课的评价的各方面的功能,使学生积极地投人并很好地进行选修课程的学习。
Beijing time, in the early morning of August 5th, Sun Yang defend title successfully with the score of 14 points 41 seconds 15 in 2013 swimming world championships men's 1500 meter freestyle finals. This is the third gold medal in this tournament for Sun Yang as well as the fifth goal of China’s swimming, which is slower 10 second 13 than the result of the London Olympic Games when Sun Yang achieves the champion. Sun Yang uses the score of his fifth goal in his career life to tie with the medal record that Luo Xuejuan keeps in the Chinese swimmer World Championship. He also becomes the person after Hackett in the 2005 Montreal World Championships and a single tournament winning the gold medal of “the king of long distance " in men’s 400, 800 and 1500 meter freestyle.
北京时间8月5日凌晨,2013年游泳世锦赛男子1500米自由泳决赛,孙杨以14分41秒15的成绩赢得金牌成功卫冕,这是孙杨本届赛事第三枚金牌,也是中国泳军收获的第五金,这一成绩比伦敦奥运会夺冠时慢了10秒13。 孙杨也以生涯五枚金牌的成绩,追平罗雪娟保持的中国游泳选手世锦赛夺金纪录,并且成为继哈克特在2005年蒙特利尔世锦赛后,又一位单届赛事包揽男子400、800和1500米自由泳金牌的“中长距离之王”!
My favourite swimmer is Sun Yang.He swims very fast.He took part in the last Olympic Games.He is my hero.
He is 21 years oid.He is very tall.He is 198cm tall.He is cute.I love him.
He is good at swingming very much, He has had all-round success in his study olypic games.
November **, ****
To Whom It May Concern:
This is to confirm that Mr. Li Dashui has worked as a full-time system analyst in the NY University since Jun 1994(or This letter is to verify that Mr. Li Dashui worked as an chemist from July 1993 to Sept. 1994. Mr. Lis main duties and responsibilities are as follows:
Design, develop and install various computer hardware, software and network systems for banks.
Determine and analyze the requirements of each system project into related componets solved through the application of computer technology.
Write specifications for computer programs, and test and implement programs for network systems and control systems.
Supervise computer programmers and other system analysts for paticular system projects.
Mr. Li has mainly taken part in the following projects:
The first engineering design of city general business computer network system.
Upgrading banks system for IBM AS/400 E45 to IBM AS/400 320, IBM AS/400 530.
The design development and test of city general business computer network system.
The design and development network and database systems for the Golden Credit Card Project.
Mr. Li is well experienced with IBM AS/400 system analysis, TCP/IP protocol, SNA protocol and LAN; proficient in RPGIII, VB, C/C++ and DB2, and skilled in UNIX, Informix, Client/Server etc.
Mr. Li is a hard-working and talented analyst, and is highly respected member in our company. If you need further information, please feel free to contact me. Sincerely yours, Singature, Zhang Jianguo
Senior Engineer and Technical Manage Company Name, Address, Tex Fax
(一选修课课程设置要求
1.选修课应在编制教学计划时与必修课统一考虑。选修课既应是必修课的补充,又应是必修课的延伸。应由必修课和选修课共同编制出完整的更广博的培养高中学生语文知识、能力和素质的课程体系。必修授课计划一定要根据课程的整体要求和学生的要求来制定。对此,选修课亦概莫能外。选修课的教学内容应与知识需要接轨,对于选修课,不搞短期行为,也不搞临时行为。
2.对于教育思想的改革,对教学方法的改革,可以设计安排在选修课中进行实验性教学。
3.选修课的课程设置要广泛征生的意见。过去开选修课多由学校教学管理部门和教师协商决定,较少听取学生意见,而忽视了学生常能够对他们自己需要和希望学的东西讲出很好的意见。
(二选修课的教学方法
选修课的教学方法要灵活、生动。可以变换使用多种教学方法。除了传统的讲授法外,还可以采用讨论法,使学生互相促进、互相启发;也可以使用调研法、演示法和模拟法。教师在教学过程中要注意学生语文学习能力的培养,在传授知识的同时要传授本学科的学习方法和技巧,以便学生能通过自学,学到许多课堂上没有教授过的知识和能力。
(三选修课的课时安排
选修课的总课时安排中必须占有足够的份额,例如占总课时数的2〇%?30%,以给学生留出足够的选择余地。而对于语文教师而言,国家和学校已规定出必须选够的数量。笔者以为,高中语文选修课在教师指导的前提下,给予学生充分的自由选择度,这样才有利于提髙学生的兴趣和积极性,达到选修课的真正目的和效果。
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