1。 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street。 Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast。 I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side。 But it was too late。 The car hit my bike and I fell off it。
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard。 On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover。 Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short。 What could he do? Then he had a good idea。
2。 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的',这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3。 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4。 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things。 Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao。 It is really a beautiful city。 There are many places of interest to see。 But what impressed me most was the sunrise。
The next morning I got up early。 I was very happy because it was a fine day。 By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red。 In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing。 The sun was very red, not shining。 It rose slowly。 At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball。 At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright。
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5。 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something。 Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front。 I thought maybe someone was knocking the door。 I asked who it was but I heard no reply。 After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor。 I realized it was the cat。 I felt released。
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something。 "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front。 Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply。 After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor。 "It's you。" I said, quite released。
五月初五这天,汩罗江边站着一名衣衫褴褛的男子,他便是屈原。他满脸憔悴,在嘴里念道:“举世皆浊我独清,众人皆醉我独醒。”说着便爬上了栏杆准备投江自尽。
忽然,一只手拉住了他。屈原回头一看,是一个满脸严肃的保安。保安硬是把屈原拉下来说:“屈原啊,你要寻死我管不了,可是你要攀爬栏杆我就要罚款了,罚款100元。”屈原一听,立刻老泪纵横:“呜呜,年轻人,你可怜、可怜我吧!我小时候就被别人偷了1块钱,七岁掉钱袋,十岁遇人打劫……。”保安不耐烦地说:“算了,看在你是个大名人份上,只要你给我签个名就免罚款了。”说着递上一张纸和笔。签完名后,屈原听见背后传来保安的笑声:“哈哈,这下可以拍卖个十万、八万吧!”屈原叹了口气:“哎,现代的人呀!”
屈原正要翻过围栏,往下跳,又有一只手拉住了他。屈原扭头一看,见一个穿着西装,一副老板模样的中年人,中年人着急地说:“屈原先生啊,你要寻死我不会阻拦!可是你要为人们XX心理医院拍个广告再死也不迟呀!”屈原问:“怎样拍法?”“等一下你装着要跳河,然后一个穿白大褂的心理医生会冲过来拦住并开导你,最后你要做出恍然大悟的样子对着镜头说:哦,原来人生如此好!”这一万块钱就是你的。“这不是要我伪装吗?我堂堂一个大人物怎么可以做这种事情,我不干!”屈原听了大怒,转身欲跳河。
忽然,旁边传来了一个声音:“屈原先生,你到底还要不要跳河啊!”屈原回过头,立刻看到一群“狗仔队”围着自己,问:“你们在这儿做什么呀?”一个握着摄像机的`男人说:“当然是来看你跳河啦!你还不快跳,你不跳,我们还怎么作报道啊!”屈原气得脸色铁青,这个世界也没有什么值得他留恋了,于是他摆出了跳河的POSE。
可是他往下一望,发现河水肮脏极了,黑色的江水中漂浮着垃圾,这还跳得下去吗?汨罗江的臭气也飘了上来,屈原被熏晕了,往后一倒,改变了历史――撞在一棵榕树上,死了。
时间慢慢过去,我也逐渐成长,怀揣梦想的我努力考取优异成绩进入了目前这所学校。努力奋斗的一大原因就是为要加入学校的橄榄球俱乐部。为什么我要加入橄榄球俱乐部呢?总结出来大致有这么几点原因:
第一,橄榄球是一项非常强调组织配合的竞技团队运动,不可能说是依靠单个人的'努力就能成功。因此,我若想要在橄榄球这项运动上有所提高发展,就必须融入橄榄球运动团体,与各路橄榄球高手切磋球技,配合进取。第二,橄榄球俱乐部里有许许多多的橄榄球爱好者,他们都是与我志同道合的人,如果与他们时常在一起训练努力,那么我的橄榄球实力就可以增进不少,水平实力也可以大增,对于橄榄球的理解也会加多。第三,目前国内的橄榄球运动发展缓慢,原因并非是橄榄球不吸引人而是没有让更多青年人感受到橄榄球的魅力。作为一名橄榄球的爱好者,我觉得自己有义务也有肩负为橄榄球运动的普及与发展贡献一份力量,这也是需要我加入橄榄球俱乐部与大集体产生联络建立沟通的。
总而言之,橄榄球是我热爱的,因此我热诚希望加入橄榄球俱乐部。
导入:
第1段:Recently we’ve had a discussion about whether we should... (导入话题
Our opinions are divided on this topic.(观点有分歧
正文:
第2段:Most of the students are in favour of it.(正方观点
Here are the reasons. First... Second... Finally...(列出2~3个赞成的理由
第3段:However, the others are strongly against it. (反方观点
Their reasons are as follows. In the first place... What’s more... In addition...(列出2~3个反对的理由
结论:
第4段:Personally speaking, the advantages overweigh the disadvantages, for it will do us more harm than good, so I support it.(个人观点 オ
导入:
第1段:提出一种现象或某个决定作为议论的话题
As a student, I am strongly in favour of the decision. (亮明自己的观点是赞成还是反对
The reasons for this may be listed as follows. (过渡句,承上启下
正文:
第2段:First of all... Secondly... Besides...(列出2~3个赞成或反对的`理由
结论:
第3段:In conclusion, I believe that... (照应第1段,构成"总—分—总"结构
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