按照行文的规律,有始有终,首尾呼应往往符合一般读者的阅读习惯,也会给阅卷者感觉考生思维的缜密。如2010年高考一江苏考生的作文《绿色生活》一文:(开头:此刻,在我所坐考场的窗外,正有几树青葱的绿叶,一团一团,茂盛盎然。它们在阳光的照射下,错落成或深绿或浅绿的绿湖,在微风下,荡起绿色的涟漪。)(结尾)“我期待着我所向往的绿色生活,那一天,所有的人都可以发自内心地对别人笑,世界,真正和平。窗外,绿叶摇晃,似乎在为我加油,鼓掌。”这个结尾,写到了窗外的绿叶,这与开头遥相呼应,体现作者谋篇布局的精巧。
文无定法。古人早有“文贵变”之说,并有“一集之中篇篇变,一篇之中段段变,一段之中
句变,神变、气变、音节变、字句变”的高标准。文章结尾千变万化,方法不一,各显其能,各尽其妙。宋朝沈义父《乐府指迷》中强调“结句须要放开,含有余不尽之意。”考生在写记叙文时,结尾必须要放开,要“长留余味”,要响亮,像唐朝白居易《金针诗格》中说“落句欲似高山放石,一去不回”。考生写文章时也要注意用“回顾之笔,兜裹全篇”,从而达到首尾一体。
早晨的象湖,空气清新甜润,微风吹来,柳树象美少女似的梳着细嫩的头发。湖面上偶尔泛起几个波纹像是几个嬉皮笑脸的小孩翻着跟斗。当阳光普照大地时,湖面上顿时像洒上了一层金粉,好象银河从天而降。
放眼远望,假山亭台耸立,错落有秩,湖水碧绿,蓝天和白云倒映在水中,林间的小鸟时而欢唱,时而掠过湖面,好象在告诉我们这就是一副美不胜收的“风光图”呀!
晚上的象湖,恢复了平静。当月光照在湖面上,象湖像洒上了一层银辉,好像是一位神秘的少女蒙上了面纱。皎洁的圆月静静的躺在湖面上,好象在思绪着什么,这时微风吹来,湖面上打起了几个涟漪,圆圆的玉盘突然裂开,给人留有几分惋惜。
象湖,你没有东湖的古色古香的.百花洲,没有南湖的粉墙黛瓦的水观音亭,但是你以自己独特的气质吸引了众多的游客。
啊!象湖我为你骄傲!
这周妈妈终于带我去买了盼望已久的小鱼。这小鱼非常漂亮,我一共买了6条鱼,它们非常漂亮,分别是彩儿、萤儿、蓝彩、黑虎、粉镜和金闪。前面的第一个字都是颜色哦!我们从金闪开始说起吧!金闪是里面体型最宽的,也就是最肥的。为什么要叫它金闪,因为如果你仔细看,会发现它身上有像闪粉一样的东西,很漂亮。其次是黑虎,黑虎身上的条纹是老虎一样的。黑虎是小鱼里最漂亮的,真因为小黑虎的尾巴和身体一样大,粉镜儿还想和他媲美呢!再说粉镜,粉镜粉镜就是因为粉镜它太爱照镜子(照鱼缸,鱼缸是玻璃做的)了。粉镜非常漂亮,它的背上有四种颜色,分别是紫、粉、橙、黄,非常漂亮。最后是蓝彩,蓝彩是里面最爱吃的但又吃不胖的,因为蓝彩是最爱运动的。尾巴尖上的三种颜色巧妙的搭配在一起。哦!对了,差点把那叫彩儿和莹儿的差点把那两条小鱼给忘了,它们都是一个有着彩虹般莹光的小鱼儿。我一定要好好的养着它们。
今天真热,我已经吃了五根雪糕,可还是不觉得凉快。爸爸提议:“我们去海洋馆吧!”妈妈说:“这个提议可真好!”我也高兴地说:“我也很喜欢,那我们现在就出发吧!”
不一会儿,我们就到了海洋馆。这里有清清的水,像一面明亮的大镜子,看起来很凉快。
妈妈问我:“你猜这蓝蓝的水是冷色调还是暖色调?”我说:“暖色调。”
“大错特错,是冷色调。不是,是暖色调。”妈妈说。
海洋馆里有许多鱼。有的像月亮,我猜那一定是月亮鱼吧!月亮鱼好奇怪,我还是第一次见。有的鱼是三角形的,它们各不一样,身上的花纹,一种有红点另一种有波纹,看起来很丰富多彩。还有一群黑色的鱼,我给他们起名为小黑鱼。走着走着,我还发现有几只乌龟,颜色看起来很美,好像在比赛游泳呢。还有很多奇形怪状的鱼,显得海洋馆更加美丽。
我喜欢海洋馆,更喜欢有趣的小鱼!
记叙文在主体部分详尽叙述之后,结尾往往只需简单小结点题即可收束,而不必拖泥带水。如2010年高考一四川考生《溯源》一文的结尾:“生命、哲理、爱,它们就好像三个最美好的点,彼此生死相依,永生风雨同舟。是它们,给我们展示了一个个美好的世界,五色斑斓的面。面上是一幅‘清明上河图’,而面下,则是我们的人生的每个阶段,以及每一个人生。”这个结尾,在前文关于生命、哲理和爱三个方面的叙述基础上,水到渠成地加以小结,点明了题意,升华了主旨。
Expert tips on how to prevent avian influenza H7N9 collated by current argument data dictionary
1.平时加强体育锻炼,多休息,避免过度劳累,不吸烟,勤洗手;注意个人卫生,打喷嚏或咳嗽时掩住口鼻。
1 usually strengthen physical exercise, rest more, avoid excessive overworked, do not smoke, wash their hands; pay attention to personal hygiene, when sneezing or coughing and cover your nose and mouth.
2.保持室内清洁,使用消毒液清洗的地毯,避免使用难以清洗的地毯,保持地面、天花板、家具及墙壁清洁,确保排水道通畅;保持室内空气流通,应每天开窗换气两次,每次至少10分钟,或使用抽气扇保持空气流通;尽量少去 空气不流通的场所。
2 keep the room clean, use disinfectant cleaning carpets, avoid the use of hard to clean the carpet, keep the floor, ceiling, furniture and walls clean, to ensure smooth drainage channel; maintains the indoor air circulation, ventilation windows should be at least two times a day, 10 minutes each time, or use a fan to keep air circulation; as little as possible to airless places.
3.注意饮食卫生,进食禽肉、蛋类要彻底煮熟,加工、保存食物时要注意生、熟分开;养成良好的卫生习惯,搞好厨房卫生,不生食禽肉和内脏。解剖活(死家禽、家畜及其制品后要彻底洗手。
3, pay attention to food hygiene, eating meat, eggs should be thoroughly cooked, processing, preservation of food to the attention of raw, cooked separately; develop good health habits, good kitchen hygiene, do not eat raw poultry meat and offal. Anatomy of living (dead to wash hands thoroughly, livestock and poultry products.
同时,在户外洗手不方便的时候,可以使用免洗洗手液,随身携带,随时随地隔离病菌,呵护您的健康。
At the same time, when the outdoor hand-washing is not convenient, can use hand sanitizer, carry whenever and wherever possible, isolate the pathogen, take care of your health.
4.发现疫情时,应尽量避免与禽类接触;公众特别是儿童应避免密切接触家禽和野禽。
4 found in the epidemic, should avoid contact with poultry; the public especially children should avoid close contact with poultry and wild birds.
5.注意生活用具的消毒处理。禽流感病毒不耐热,100°C下一分钟即可灭活。对干燥、紫外线照射、汞、氯等常用消毒药都很敏感。
5 pay attention to disinfection and living appliances. Avian influenza viruses do not heat, 100 ° C, one minute can be inact
我有四条既漂亮又可爱的宝贝小鱼。
我的小鱼各有各的颜色和名字,有两条白色分别叫“宝贝”和“小可爱”,两条深颜色的小鱼分别叫“小公主”、“小王子”。它们长着两只小眼睛,它们的小尾巴一摇一摇的,像轮船上的帆,还有鱼鳍像轮船上的导航员一样,忙的不可开交。
它们虽然很小,但它们也很调皮。有一次,我给它们换水时,但它们调皮的跳了下去,弄得我哭笑不得。它们呀!不仅调皮也很有趣!给它们喂时,它们摇着 尾巴,看着我,好像对我说:“小主人,谢谢你!”然后再去狼吞虎咽地吃了起来,真是一群小可爱。有一次,它们吃完饭后,就觉得没什么好玩的。可是一只小鱼 慢慢地游了上来。然后刚想“透透气”可是又“咕咚”地掉了下去。看的我和妈妈哈哈大笑。
我有一群可爱的小鱼,你们羡慕吗?
Nowadays, many famous university campuses have become one of the popular tourist attractions. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that every year thousands and thousands of middle school students visit Tsing Hua University and Peking University and other famous universities in China. In the place far away from the capital city, the local students also visit the universities famous in their own province.
So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to open the university campus for tourists? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing for the students to visit the famous university campus in that it can enable the middle students to get more information about the university and they can have enough time and opportunity to prepare themselves with the chance to get into the university. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, the public tourism will have negative effect on the universities because it will not only do harm to the environment but also to the intellectual atmosphere.
In my opinion, the tourism to the universities is not a good thing. The campus is mainly a place for study. With the increasing tourism on the campus, it will ruin the spiritual atmosphere in this learning field.
首先,提纯范文 “谋篇布局”及结构模板。
第一段:提出问题或现象。Nowadays, … … have become one of the popular … …. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that … ….
第二段:正反列举人们的看法。So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to … …? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing for … … in that … …. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, … … will have negative effect on … … because it will not only do harm to … … but also to … ….
第三段:摆明自己观点。In my opinion, … … is not a good thing. … … With the increasing … …, it will ruin … ….
其次,提纯范文“段落写作”。
段落写作分为统一性,连贯性和完整性三方面。
统一性(unity:段落开头的主题句应该做到不可太宽泛,也不可太具体,做到有较强的概括性才能使下文做到有的放矢的展开。范文第二段首句以设问的方式提出一个问题is it a good or bad thing就有很强的概况性。下文自然会一方面从好的方面说明,另一方面从坏的方面说明。
连贯性(coherence:关联词是使文章段落之间相互连贯的必要条件。范文中nowadays, on one hand, on the other hand, in one’s opinion即以“启承转合”递进的顺序是文章条理清晰,层层展开。
完整性(completeness:以设问句“So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to open the university campus for tourists?”开头,这是平时较少运用的段落写作方式——设问法。“On one hand … …. On the other hand, … ….”是段落写作分类列举法的典型用法。
再次,提纯范文“句子写作”。
1. It has been shown that … …
类似句型:It is known to us that … …
It is said that … …
It is reported that … …
It is controversial that … …
2. “… … Tsing Hua University and Peking University and other famous universities … …。”——并列句。并列句是简单的复杂句。但其运用方法并不简单,注意练习并接句的使用,会使句子显的更加饱满。
3. enable v. 使…能够
I gave him full directions to enable him to find the house.
4. in that = because
表“因为”的连词还有since, for, as,如:
The boy was absent because he was ill. = The boy was absent since he was ill.
此句以我们常用的人称开头,句式简单,我们可以通过把since提前改变句式,如:
Since the boy was ill, he was absent. 句式多样化。
最后,提纯范文“措辞”。
1. attraction n. 具有吸引力的事情。
2. thousands and thousands 成千上万的
形容“多”的表达方法:millions and millions
a multitude of
a great deal of
a large amount of
plenty of
many a
3. “some people argued that … …”中的“argue”并不是“讨论,辩论”的意思,而是“认为”。
I argue that … …
I maintain that … …
I claim that … …
I insist that … … = I think that … …
I hold that … …
I assert that … …
I assume that … …
4. negative adj. 否定的.,相反的
hold negative view = hold opposite opinions
5. phenomenon n. 现象
social phenomenon 社会现象
natural phenomenon 自然现象
6. intellectual adj. 聪明的= intelligent, bright, clever
(选词策略:使用最近所学的单词,如intellectual > intelligent > bright > clever
在分析并掌握范文之后,我们需要运用范文知识练习仿写。笔者运用2005年12月范文中的模板结构仿写了2006年12月的四级作文,以供参考:
1. 许多人喜欢在除夕夜看春节晚会
2. 但有些人提出取消春节晚会
3. 我的看法
Nowadays, the Spring Festival Evening has become one of the popular topic and attractions during every traditional New Year’s Eve. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that every year thousands and thousands of Chinese people appear to be accustomed to enjoying the sights and sounds of a brilliant feast, while gathering with their beloved family.
However, an increasing number of people have voiced different opinions towards it. So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to cancel the Spring Festival Evening? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing to amuse the audience in that it is composed by a numerous adequate programs, such as the emotional song, the graceful dance, the funny short sketch, the amusing comic dialogue, the delightful magic, and the marvelous acrobatics and so on. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, the Spring Festival Evening will have negative effect on the family harmony because it will not only do harm to having the talks between family members on the Spring Festival Eve but also to enjoying the gourmet meal in a fancy restaurant.
In my opinion, the Spring Festival Evening is a good thing. It may not remain a must for all people, but it can bring us a strong sense of festivity and serve as an alternative among the variety of holiday activities. With the increasing audience of the Spring Festival Evening, it will ruin a distinctive culture during the Spring Festival vacation.
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