Yesterday was Father's Day. I had planned to give my father a present. But I didn't remember it until in the morning.It was too late to post a card to him. So I decided to buy something. When I was in the department store. I found it was not easy for me to choose something right for him. Suddenly I
got an idea. I ran home and opened my computer. I made a beautiful card and mailed him through the Internet. then I began to make supper. When father came home, he was very glad to find a big meal on the table. then I asked him to check his e-mail. He was amazed to find a beautiful card in his e-mail-box.
What a wonderful surprise!
这本书从家庭、教育、宗教三个维度来阐述文化和结构对我们的影响。
对于家庭而言,现代社会最大的改变就是,工作已经脱离家庭转入公共经济领域,学校取代了家庭发挥越来越重要的社会化角色作用。现在,家庭正在变得日益私人化。
从社会学的角度来说,更关注家庭的功能而不是家庭是什么来定义家庭。建立在爱情和情感基础上的后现代家庭,有别于历史上的制度家庭、伙伴家庭,承载着两个主要的功能:社会联络功能和个人需要功能。社会联络功能涉及家庭和社会的关系:我们通过家庭传承社会地位,和谁组建新的家庭,在家庭中学会语言、与人交往甚至基础的生活技能。例如,不同家庭类型的人,对于“长大后我想成为怎样的人”而不同。非洲酋长家的孩子也许是做个好的酋长,家族企业的继承人更大概率去考虑如何运营企业,而普通家庭的孩子,则是在思考“如何找个好工作”。
而个人需要功能包括家庭成员的生理需要和情感需要。历史上,存在过通过多生孩子来提高家庭生产力,从而得到更多的生活用品。而现代,家庭已经能够满足我们的基础需要,并且生孩子在时间和金钱上的花费,越来越高昂,正如我们所看到的,发达国家的生育率越来越低。
像我们父母一辈的,很少将家庭事务如带孩子、清洁卫生、收拾屋子外包,家庭甚至通过像一起聚餐、一起打扫卫生来实现家庭情感的沟通。而后现代社会,由于工作日益影响家庭生活的投入,我们不得不面临很多的问题:如何兼顾工作和家庭。因此,我们看到组织家庭的方式都在发生剧变,而这一切都是不可避免。
教育更是影响我们的机会和选择。作者作为一个大学教授,直言不讳的指出:教育能力可以克制资源获取上的差异,同时也掩盖了我们丧失机会的程度,并由此帮助维持了现状。简单的说,从小沉浸在大学教授家庭的孩子比普通家庭里的孩子更容易理解认知策略中的概率论。
Dear Teacher:
Hello!
"Grateful heart, thank you, with my life. Let me have the courage to do myself, if flowers fall, as I will treasure ... ...
I lay in bed, look at it through the window air venues tend to be sparse in a few stars. Students accompanied by snoring, the request to sing this song, this time calling me in my heart: the teacher ah! Mind you hear this call?
Teacher: Do you remember?
"Yong all, your getting now? Tell me what the difficulties, we are our own people." Every time I heard this, my heart kind of feeling can not tell, maybe! That is happiness. Teacher: I am thankful that you, thank you for such care.
Teacher, you remember?
"What is difficult, not afraid, as long as our brave team to cotton, a strong point of the future will be good." Teacher, when I lost heart With the face of difficulties fail, you angel came to me gave me courage and hopes, always tell me words of encouragement, let me get stronger, you will be sinking my surgery, despair into the hearts of the "confidence" in the sky, into a strong ocean; also into the future success door.
Teacher, I'm grateful you, thank you for your encouragement on me.
Teacher, you remember?
"You have committed to do, all right, as long as next time do not like it." Frequently in front of me to tell me, encouraged me. Teacher, whenever I did something wrong, you always looked at me quietly, his brow with the flat, total eyelashes blinking in that from time to time, but your eyes do not move. Serious face once hung a gentle smile. That is such an eye ah! For love, warmth, there is hope, there are incentives. So bright, so flash, gives a warm, giving people the courage! Teacher, I'm grateful you, thank you for giving me courage to face the error.
Teacher, no matter what I encountered, you will join me in my face. Teacher, in my eyes you are applying, and I thank you from the heart, thanks you, my good teacher, Thank you for everything for me! Suddenly I found that the teacher - his mother, how are so similar, ah, I suddenly changed the life of ideas, teacher, teachers, and care for your child smile shine like my mother. I love you teacher! If you are my second mother. Watching over me every time!
I hope teachers good health and smooth work! This is my biggest wish it!
You should write at least 150 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use Li Ming instead. You do not need to write the address.
Dear Sir or Madam,
I m writing to lodge the complaint about the poor quality of an air conditioner that I purchased from Sun Appliance Company.
Frankly speaking, Sun Appliance has always been my favorite. On April 4, 2007, I bought the air conditioner (serial number 12345 from one of your chain store located in Lang Fang. The machine operated well at first, but ten days later, there was a fault that bothered me, that is, the fan made so much noise that I could not sleep well at night. Worse still, the cooling system didn t work well and the machine began to leak recently. Its poor quality ruined almost all my previous impression toward your products.
I strongly suggest that a repairman or a service engineer should be sent to my home without delay. I wonder if you could pinpoint the exact cause of the malfunction as soon as possible. If you can t, I am afraid that I will request for full amount of refund or a new air conditioner.
电影《美国丽人》中,郊区后现代中产阶级家庭中,母亲对女儿说:“你已经长大了,你应该学习人生中最重要的一课:你不能指望人和人,除了你自己。”我们想要相信我们是自己的救世主,这会赋予我们所渴望的控制力,会让我们成为自己命运的主宰者。
但是社会学的一个基本观点是:我们每个人都很脆弱,都需要依赖他人,都很贫困。每个人除了依靠他人别无选择。想一想,我们真的仅仅是我吗?我们的经历,我们的朋友,我们共同遵守的社会规则。
在社会学意义上,“自我”这一概念超出了人的身体所包含的东西。它包括社会纽带关系。我们的性别、出身地、毕业的学校,认识的人,拥有的技能,性情,等等,把我从我与他人的关系中分离出来,是很困难的。我们的行动不仅仅受自我意愿的影响,还受“我们假想的他人的一组态度”的影响。甚至我们从孩童发展为一个社会人的过程中,就是用社会规则来限制我们的行为。我们身处的阶级(即物质资源、社会资源、文化资源的分配情况)决定了我们为什么会这样想,为什么会这样做。只有意识到这一点,我们才能去理解:“我们为什么会这样想”
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