(一)概念:
夸张是为达到某种表达需要,对事物的形象、特征、作用、程度等方面着意扩大或缩小的修辞方式。
(二)种类:
夸张可分为三类,即扩大夸张,缩小夸张,超前夸张。
1、扩大夸张:故意把客观事物说得“大、多、高、强、深……”的夸张形式。例如:蜀道之难,难于上青天。
2、缩小夸张:故意把客观事物说得“小、少、低、弱、浅、……”的夸张形式。例如:一个浑身黑色的人,站在老栓面前,眼光正像两把刀,刺得老栓缩小了一半。
3、超前夸张:在时间上把后出现的事物提前一步的夸张形式。例如:农民们都说:“看见这样鲜绿的茵,就嗅出白面包子的香味来了。
(三)夸张的作用:
1、揭示本质,给人以启示。
2、烘托气氛,增强感染力。
3、增强联想;创造气氛。
(四)运用夸张要注意以下三点。
第一,夸张不是浮夸,而是故意的合理的夸大,所以不能失去生活的基础和生活的根据。下面运用的夸张脚下地球当球玩,大洋海水能喝干。
第二,夸张不能和事实距离过近,否则会分不清是在说事实还是在夸张。
第三,夸张要注意文体特征,如科技说明文、说理文章就很少用甚至不用夸张,以免歪曲事实。 对偶
(一)概念:
对偶是用字数相等,结构形式相同,意义对称的一对短语或句子来表达两个相对或相近意思的修辞方式。
(二)对偶的种类:
1、正对。上下句意思上相似、相近、相补、相衬的对偶形式。例如:
a.墙上芦苇,头重脚轻根底浅;山间竹笋,嘴类皮厚腹中空。
2、反对。上下句意思上相反或相对的对偶形式。例如:
b.横眉冷对千夫指,俯首甘为孺子牛。
3、串对(流水对)。上下句意思上具有承接、递进、因果、假设、条件等关系的对偶形式。例如: c.才饮长江水,又食武昌鱼。
根据上下句的形式又可以把对偶分为严式对偶和宽式对偶,严式对偶要求上下两句字数相等,词性相对、结构相同、平厌相对、不重复用字。如例句曲。宽式对偶对严式对偶五条要求只要有一部分达到就可以,不很严格,如例句c。
(三)对偶的结构:
1、成分对偶。例如:
然而我的坏处,是在论时事不留面子,泛铜弊常取类型,而后者尤与时宜不合。
2、句子对偶。例如:
秋水共长天一色,落霞与孤骛齐飞。
(四)对偶的作用:
便于吟诵,易于记忆;用于诗词、有音乐美;表意凝炼,抒情酣畅。
(五)对偶与对比的不同点;
1、对比的基本特点是“对立”,对偶的基本特点是“对称”。
2、对偶主要是从结构开工上说的,它要求结构相称,字数相等;对比是从意义上说的,它要求意义相反或相近,而不管结构形式如何。
3、对偶里的“反对”(如“横眉冷对千夫指,俯首甘为孺子牛”)就意义说是对比,就形式说是对偶,这是修辞手法的兼类现象。)
summer can be very hot in southern taiwan where the temperature usually goes up to 32"c or more. because of the heat it is a trying experience to go to school or do anything else in a place that is not air-conditioned. also because of this i stay at home most of the time during the summer vacation and only occasionally go to the beach to plunge myself into the cool water as a way to keep my body less sticky.
actually i like swimming and think nothing is more refreshing than a swim. in the summer vacation that has just ended i went swimming many times with my classmates and we all had a good time. this summer vacation, however, was not spent entirely in seeking fun. as a second-year senior student i had to prepare myself for the college entrance examinations that were only a year away. in other words, i must find time to study, too.
so i divided my time between work and play during the summer vacation and derived much benefit from this arrangement.
the winter holidaicoming.thiwinter inot too cold and i like winter with white snow.so i have a new plan.i am going to visit beijing with mparentbtrain next week.first i am going to visit the great wall.then i am going to visit beihai park.i like boating vermuch,so i will boat there.and the main thing i want to do ito visit tian’anmen square.
i must watch china’flag rising in the morning.during mtravel,i will take lotof wonderful pictures.i am surei will have a good time in beijing.and after i come back from there,i will tell about it and show the pictureto all mfriends.
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