回望历史长河,那些伟人身上都彰显着控制克己的魅力。有“士可***不可辱”的士大夫;有不为五斗米折腰的陶渊明;有自我放逐,对权贵嗤之以鼻的竹林七贤;更有为正义而牺牲的俄国贵族……他们的感人事迹都在告诫我们:控制自己的情感欲念,不管世界如何改变,也要坚持自我,不为所动。
然而,高速化的现代社会以排山倒海之势向人们袭来,有多少不知所措之人被卷入其中!微博控,苹果控,沙发控……我不禁感慨,这样一些小小的欲念就能将人活活生生禁锢住,人的高贵从何谈起?想到那个在故宫铜缸上刻字的梁齐齐,愤怒他素质低下的同时,我也为现代人克制力的缺失而心寒。
所以,从今天起做个精神贵族吧!学会控制自己的感情,让自己看清人生之路。我们不妨学学杨绛先生,她已逾百岁。一个人能经历人生喜怒哀乐、爱恨情愁,健康地踏过一百多个春秋是很不容易的,从做钱家媳妇的诸事含忍,到国难中的忍生活之苦,以及在名利面前深自敛抑,“甘当一个零”,杨绛先生善于控制内心,淡然处世,忍生活之苦,保存天真,最终让她的生活如此幸福。
佛语有云,心随境转是凡夫,境随心转是圣人。学会控制并不是要让你成为卫道士,而是要让你成为清心寡欲、淡然处世的精神贵族。
对于***,我们要正确看待,明辨是非并加以控制。***就像一把双刃剑,有好的一面也有坏的一面,握在手中,要适当的去运用和控制。
Nowadays, many famous university campuses have become one of the popular tourist attractions. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that every year thousands and thousands of middle school students visit Tsing Hua University and Peking University and other famous universities in China. In the place far away from the capital city, the local students also visit the universities famous in their own province.
So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to open the university campus for tourists? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing for the students to visit the famous university campus in that it can enable the middle students to get more information about the university and they can have enough time and opportunity to prepare themselves with the chance to get into the university. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, the public tourism will have negative effect on the universities because it will not only do harm to the environment but also to the intellectual atmosphere.
In my opinion, the tourism to the universities is not a good thing. The campus is mainly a place for study. With the increasing tourism on the campus, it will ruin the spiritual atmosphere in this learning field.
首先,提纯范文 “谋篇布局”及结构模板。
第一段:提出问题或现象。Nowadays, … … have become one of the popular … …. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that … ….
第二段:正反列举人们的看法。So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to … …? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing for … … in that … …. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, … … will have negative effect on … … because it will not only do harm to … … but also to … ….
第三段:摆明自己观点。In my opinion, … … is not a good thing. … … With the increasing … …, it will ruin … ….
其次,提纯范文“段落写作”。
段落写作分为统一性,连贯性和完整性三方面。
统一性(unity:段落开头的主题句应该做到不可太宽泛,也不可太具体,做到有较强的概括性才能使下文做到有的放矢的展开。范文第二段首句以设问的方式提出一个问题is it a good or bad thing就有很强的概况性。下文自然会一方面从好的方面说明,另一方面从坏的方面说明。
连贯性(coherence:关联词是使文章段落之间相互连贯的必要条件。范文中nowadays, on one hand, on the other hand, in one’s opinion即以“启承转合”递进的顺序是文章条理清晰,层层展开。
完整性(completeness:以设问句“So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to open the university campus for tourists?”开头,这是平时较少运用的段落写作方式——设问法。“On one hand … …. On the other hand, … ….”是段落写作分类列举法的典型用法。
再次,提纯范文“句子写作”。
1. It has been shown that … …
类似句型:It is known to us that … …
It is said that … …
It is reported that … …
It is controversial that … …
2. “… … Tsing Hua University and Peking University and other famous universities … …。”——并列句。并列句是简单的复杂句。但其运用方法并不简单,注意练习并接句的使用,会使句子显的更加饱满。
3. enable v. 使…能够
I gave him full directions to enable him to find the house.
4. in that = because
表“因为”的连词还有since, for, as,如:
The boy was absent because he was ill. = The boy was absent since he was ill.
此句以我们常用的人称开头,句式简单,我们可以通过把since提前改变句式,如:
Since the boy was ill, he was absent. 句式多样化。
最后,提纯范文“措辞”。
1. attraction n. 具有吸引力的事情。
2. thousands and thousands 成千上万的
形容“多”的表达方法:millions and millions
a multitude of
a great deal of
a large amount of
plenty of
many a
3. “some people argued that … …”中的“argue”并不是“讨论,辩论”的意思,而是“认为”。
I argue that … …
I maintain that … …
I claim that … …
I insist that … … = I think that … …
I hold that … …
I assert that … …
I assume that … …
4. negative adj. 否定的.,相反的
hold negative view = hold opposite opinions
5. phenomenon n. 现象
social phenomenon 社会现象
natural phenomenon 自然现象
6. intellectual adj. 聪明的= intelligent, bright, clever
(选词策略:使用最近所学的单词,如intellectual > intelligent > bright > clever
在分析并掌握范文之后,我们需要运用范文知识练习仿写。笔者运用2005年12月范文中的模板结构仿写了2006年12月的四级作文,以供参考:
1. 许多人喜欢在除夕夜看春节晚会
2. 但有些人提出取消春节晚会
3. 我的看法
Nowadays, the Spring Festival Evening has become one of the popular topic and attractions during every traditional New Year’s Eve. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that every year thousands and thousands of Chinese people appear to be accustomed to enjoying the sights and sounds of a brilliant feast, while gathering with their beloved family.
However, an increasing number of people have voiced different opinions towards it. So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to cancel the Spring Festival Evening? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing to amuse the audience in that it is composed by a numerous adequate programs, such as the emotional song, the graceful dance, the funny short sketch, the amusing comic dialogue, the delightful magic, and the marvelous acrobatics and so on. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, the Spring Festival Evening will have negative effect on the family harmony because it will not only do harm to having the talks between family members on the Spring Festival Eve but also to enjoying the gourmet meal in a fancy restaurant.
In my opinion, the Spring Festival Evening is a good thing. It may not remain a must for all people, but it can bring us a strong sense of festivity and serve as an alternative among the variety of holiday activities. With the increasing audience of the Spring Festival Evening, it will ruin a distinctive culture during the Spring Festival vacation.
今天下午最后一节课是体育课,因为下雨的缘故,老师让我们在教室做作业。我埋头“苦干”,因为爸爸说今晚要带我去参加他朋友的婚宴。正当我得意地欣赏自己的“杰作”、准备“收工”之际,一值日生撞了一下我的桌子,我的笔便在“杰作”上划了一条“完美”的弧线。我“欲哭无泪”,本以为他会向我道歉。没想到他竟火药味十足地对我说:“你干嘛撞我啊?”我惊呆了,继而心底便有一股火苗使劲地往上窜,“烧”得我满脸通红、“发梢冲天”,正想开口大骂:“没长眼啊!讲不讲理?”耳边响起了老师的谆谆教诲——“怒伤肝、喜伤心、思伤脾、忧悲伤肺、恐伤肾。孩子,退一步海阔天宽!”深深地吸了一口气,强制自己镇定,思量片刻,我面带笑容地对他说:“刚才都是我的.错,你大人不计小人过吧!”围观的同学哈哈大笑,接着便纷纷指责——
“明明是自己不对,还发火,真不像话!”
“是啊,这人太不讲理了啦!”
“哲恺,你真是好样的!好人会有好报的——”
......
“怒伤肝!我们可不要和不讲理的人计较。身体可是自己的,别拿别人的过错惩罚自己。”不知什么时候,老师已站在我身旁,向我竖起了大拇指。
值日生的脸一阵红一阵白,终于憋出了一句话:“对不起!”班级里想起了雷鸣般的掌声......
放学回家的路上,我觉得脚底生了风,只想尽快回家告诉爸妈:“今天,我控制住了愤怒!在老师的谆谆教诲下,我一定会健康.茁壮地成长!”
(莆田市城厢区霞林街道中心小学四年(2)班林哲恺
To see a world in a grain of sand,
And a heaven in a wild flower,
Hold infinity in the palm of your hand,
And eternity in an hour.
一沙一世界,
一花一天堂,
手中即无限,
永恒亦短暂。
How to prevent the H7N9?
As is well known,the A flu is spreading throught our country. However, if we negnect it, the deadly H7N9 may cause more infectors,or even more deaths. So what is the most important is that we should take some effective measures to prevent it.They can be listed as follows.
Firstly,it is necessary for you to realize the Avian flu can be prevented if you develop good living habits. For example,you shouldn’t forget to wash your hands before meals.Besides,don’t spit everywhere and try to cover your mouth or nose with paper or hankerchiefs when you have to cough or sneeze.What’s more, remember to wear the mouth-cover if you have to go to the public places, such as the crowded cinemas,supermarkets, buses,where the A flu may spread easily.
Secondly,of course, taking exercise more often and taking good sleep to build your body are wise choices for you to reduce the risk of being infected.
Last but not the least, if you are unlucky to be infected with the slight flu cold, try to stay at home,and take some medicine. Do pay attention to your daily body temperature. If you have a high fever, go to the hospital without delay for further treatment. Make sure you are not expected to come back to school before the cold or flu is cured.
Only by doing like this can you prevent or defeat the A flu in the end.
书一开篇,作者就从希腊开始梳理在法学上的各种思想与主义。哲学,法学,哲理法学,法律哲学···这其中的一个个概念,各个概念之间的关系,确实是我不能驾驭和理解的。
在书中,作者写到这样两句话,“无论我们把文明看成是事实还是观念,我认为它是各门社会学科的出发点”“文明是人类力量不断的更加完善的发展,是人类对外在的或物质自然界和对人类目前能加以控制的内在的或是人类本性的最大限度的控制,文明的这两个方面是相互依赖的。”我所理解的是:法律是一门社会科学,以“文明”是法律的科学的出发点,而法律是对人类本性的最大限度的控制。但是这种对人类内在的或是本性的支配力到底是什么,是怎么样产生的,它是怎样得以保持、促进和流传的?之后有给出答案,这种支配力是直接通过社会控制来保持的,是通过人们对每个人所施加的压力来保持的。施加这种压力是为了迫使他尽自己本分来维护文明社会,并阻止他从事发社会的行为,也就是不符合社会秩序假定的行为。社会控制的手段就是道德、宗教和法律。“今天,社会控制首先是国家的职能,并通过法律来行使。它的最后效力依赖于专为这一目的而设立或遴选的团体、机构和官员所行使的强力。它主要地通过法律发生作用,这就是说,通过被任命的代理人系统的和有秩序的使用强力”。所以在庞德看来,法律的依赖于强力,强力的行使者为社会政治组织。
第二章作者讲述了“法律是什么。作者认为从纪元六世纪希腊人来世考虑这些事情以来,什么是法律就是一直是一个争论的题目。许多东西曾发生作用使这个问题成为一个困难的问题。但是困难最重要的根源是历史上三个完全不同的东西都曾使用法律的名称,给人们讨论“什么是法律”这个问题告成了很多混乱。因此,人们都曾试图用其中的一个来解释这三者。如果这三种意义可以可以统一起来的.话,最后就用“社会控制”的观念加以统一,并分析了有效法律行动的局限性,得出“如果法律在今天是社会控制的主要手段,它就需要宗教、道德和教育的支持”的结论。
第三章作者主要讲述了“法律的任务”。他在里面有这样一段话:“一个法律制度通过下面一些列办法来达到,或无论如何力图达到法律秩序的目的:承认某些利益;由司法过程(今天还要加上行政过程)按照一种权威性技术所发展和使用的各种法令来确定在什么限度内承认与实现那些利益;以及努力保障在确定限度内的被承认的利益”简单来说,法律的任务就是通过保护利益来调节利益冲突。利益又是什么呢?庞德在接下来有解释了利益同时又把利益区分为“个人利益”、“公共利益”和“社会利益”三类。
第四章最后一章作者讲到价值问题。“价值问题虽然是一个很困难的问题,但是它是法律科学所不能避免的”,因为“即使是最粗糙的、最草率的或是最反复无常的关系调整或是行为安排,在其背后总有对各种互相冲突和互相重叠的利益进行评价的某种准则。”这种准则可能仅仅是保持和平、保持社会现状、促进最大限度的个人自由或是一个占统治地位的社会或是经济阶段的自我利益的实施。
一种文明的理想、一种把人类力量扩展到金肯呢个最高程度的思想、一种为了人类的目的对外在自然界和内在本性进行最大限度控制的理想,必须承认两个因素送我控制:一方面是个人的主动精神,个人的自发的主张;另一个是有秩序的,组织起来的活动。
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