由于在很多情况下,说明文是对客观存在的说明与介绍,因此语言的表述也应该尽可能地给人以客观可信的感觉,比如:
(1)I think that getting up late is not always a bad thing.
(2)It is said that getting up late is not always a bad thing.
相比之下,例(2)的语言要比例(1)的语言客观一些,容易让人接受一些。如果再作一些表述上的改动:
(3)Getting up late is not always a bad thing, according to Franklin Smith, a well-known psychologist in Stanford University.
引进著名人士作为信息的来源,可以使想要说明的内容更具有说服力。如果我们将例(3)中的always再改为necessarily,就可使整个句子更客观、委婉,便于为读者接受:
(4)Getting up late is not necessarily a bad thing, according to Franklin Smith, a well-known psychologist in Stanford University.
在英语中,采用被动语态,引进权威的信息来源以及选用委婉的词语是使说明文避免主观色彩,增加客观性,从而为读者接受的重要语言手段
由于说明文往往是对客观事物或事理的一种介绍与解释,而这种客观的介绍与解释一般是不随时间和空间变化而改变的,比如:说明早锻炼的好处,介绍猫的`胡子的功能,解释臭氧层对人类生活的影响等等,是不受时间和空间影响的。因此,尽管有时为了特殊表达的要求,会在个别地方采用其他时态,英语说明文的基本时态还是一般现在时。下面这篇由香港学生写的充分反映了说明文的这一特点。
The Way to Achieve Success
Many successful people say that they owe much of their success to the cultivation (培养) of certain good habits in early life. In forming good habits, I think we should pay attention to four things, that is, honesty, industry (勤勉), enthusiasm (热情), and thrift (节俭)。
“Honesty is the best policy”。 This is a proverb to which we must pay attention. There are so many temptations (诱惑) in society that through a little carelessness we may go astray (走入歧途)。 But when we are honest, people will not be dishonest to us.
Industry gives every man and woman, every boy and girl, proper work to do. To do nothing is to ruin oneself.
Enthusiasm is a great force. One's soul will expand if one devotes (贡献) oneself to a noble cause. The difficulties in our way are tremendous (巨大的), but what can we not accomplish (取得), if with enthusiasm?
There are many proverbs which set forth (陈述) the advantages (好处) of thrift. Since we live in a world where money is a very powerful thing, we should always try to save part of our earnings for future use.
These are the four things to which we must pay attention. It is only in this way that we can achieve success.
1.提供大量细节,选项中经常有时间名、地点名、人物名。
2.选项基本是完整的句子主语常为he / she / the man / the women
3.选项多位叙述性的\'句子,比一般说明文来的长
4.选项符合时间顺序,但没有逻辑关系
议论文又叫论说文、说理文,它是以议论为主要表达方式、直接评议是非、阐述道理、揭示客观事物的本质规律和内在联系的文章。写作议论文应掌握以下知识。
1、议论文的论点
论点是作者对论述问题的见解和主张,是议论的灵魂。一篇议论文一般只有一个中心论点,有的议论文也可以围绕中心论点提出几个分论点。论点可以出现在标题,可以出现在文章开头,可以出现在文章中间,也可以出现在文章结尾。
2、议论文的论据
论据是论证论点的材料。论据一般分为事实论据和理论论据两种。事实论据一般包括生活见闻、历史事实、新闻报导、艺术作品、科学知识等,理论论据一般包括原理、规律、哲理、思想、名言、俗语等。
3、议论文的论证
论证是运用论据来证明论点的过程和方法,是论点和论据之间的逻辑关系纽带。常用的论证方法有以下几种:举例论证,列举确凿、充分、有代表性的事例证明论点;道理论证,用马列主义经典著作中的精辟见解、古今中外名人的名言警句以及人们公认的定理公式等来证明论点;对比论证,拿正反两方面的论点或论据作对比,在对比中证明论点;比喻论证,用人们熟知的事物作比喻来论证论点。
4、议论文的结构
一般来说,议论文最基本的结构是提出问题(引论)——分析问题(本论)——解决问题(结论),可以分为两大类:一是逐层深入的论述结构,叫“纵式”;一是并列展开的论述结构,叫“横式”。其他各种各样的结构,是从这两种结构中派生的。“横式”又有“总论——分论——总论”式、“总论——分论”式、“分论——总论”式;“纵式”又有“层层深入”式和“启承转合”式。
1.Cats
Cats are very cute animals,they are very special as well.
It has pointy ears,round eyes,little claws,and short but soft fur.Cats like eating fish and mice.They like to keep themselves clean,they do that by licking their fur.Also they are nocturnal animals,they sleep in the daytime and do most of their movements at night.
We should love cat,because cats are our friends,too.
2.I love cats,they are very intelligent.They have a lot of colors,I like most is black cat,black cat 's eyes are yellow,and the cat's eye at night will flash.The cat is very clever,can climb trees,most cats are caught rats.They are not easy to get sick,is adapted to survive in the wild,so there are so many stray cats.They are very poor,we should help them.
3.I used to have a Persian cat at my house. It is long curly hair, green eyes or a blue one! The lovely little nose is always smelling, and still a pure breed! Don't mention how cute it is! He is one of my favorite Persian cats - gigi.
Kiki's temper is very small, generally very mild. For example, I came home from school every day, the first is to write the homework, Kiki would not bother me, squatting on the side of his curly hair comb. So after I had finished my homework, I will play and Kiki lying on my legs, I always playing with him not to mind taking the trouble.
Gigi is never choosy about food. Sometimes, I'll eat the rest of his give it to eat, will not care about it. Although it is not delicious, but it is very delicious but pretend to like, eating with relish; sometimes, I will go to buy cat food to eat it, Kiki happy tail swaying, as if to say: "little master! Little master, good!" I'm glad to see it.
How cute look after writing, you must love it! I'll introduce you some other time. I'll give you an open view!
4.I like a lot of animals, but my favorite animal is my cat.
This is a cat, the eyelash is very large, the eye is particularly large, a brown hair, a long beard is about.
Its character is very gentle, remember the very first time that I touch it, it meow to cry, I was shocked, however, it is not for me to attack, then I feel it a few times, it is a strength with his hair rub I kept licking my hands or face.
It and my relationship is very close, I remember when I was in school, the first Chinese lesson, the teacher asked me to say, so I call a sound, suddenly a cat ran in front of me, I know this is my kitten immediately. Originally, this kitten has been following me, I can not take care of the teacher and the schoolmate is how to look at me, hurriedly takes the kitten to hug in the bosom, kisses it, the teacher, schoolmates' sight not only is envies, also has the curiosity.
This is my favorite little animal. Oh, I forgot to tell you. I gave it a name - Emerald green.
Tracy, I like you. You're always a part of my life!
5.My cat I love animals, especially cats.
I raise a kitten, I called her Mimi, she was very cute. She has a little black nose, her mouth is very small, very short legs. Every time I got home, she always shaking her tail, I went to the fractious arms. When she feels hungry when she was a very loud call to our attention.
I love my Mimi
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