1。 It is considered /thought that人们(有人,大家)认为
2。 It is generally /usually accepted /agreed/recognized that普遍(一般,通常)认为
3。 It is believed that有人(人们,大家)相信
4。 It is well—known that大家知道(众所周知)
5。 It is said that据说(有人说)
6。 It is learned that据闻(悉)
7。 It is supposed that据推测
8。 It is estimated/predicted/calculated that据估计(预计)
9。 It must be pointed that必须指出
10。 It is reported that据报道
11。 It must be admitted that必须承认
12。 It will be seen that可见(可以看出)
13。 It will be seen from this that由此可见
14。 It is understood that不用说(都知道)
15。 It can not be denied that无可否认
16。 It has been proved/demonstrated that已经证明
17。 It may be confirmed that可以肯定
18。 It may be safely said that可以有把握地说
19。 It is sometimes asked that人们有时会问
20。 It is expected that/hoped that人们希望
21。 When it comes to要说到,要谈及
喻证法是用设喻来论证论点的方法。
在议论文中,设喻可以使论点更易懂、更风趣、更容易获得读者的认同。喻证法能化抽象为具体、化艰深为浅显、化枯燥为生动。
运用喻证法必须注意以下三点:
1、以小见大,就近取譬。要精选生活中细小的、人们熟悉的事物做为设喻的喻体。喻体如果不是读者常见熟知的,就达不到喻证的目的。
2、喻体不求形似,求神似。做为喻证的喻体与做为比喻的喻体不同。比喻的喻体是为了强调特征,描绘事物,侧重形似,以形比形;而喻证的喻体是为了阐发观点,以正视听,力求神似,以义取形。一定要对自己所要论争的对象和用来设喻的事物之间的对应关系进行细致入微的体味与揣摩。
3、精剖喻体,丝丝入扣。《拿来主义》中鲁迅先生的喻证法运用得是很经典的。他用“大宅子”比喻“文化遗产”;用“孱头”、“混蛋”、“废物”来批判三种对待文化遗产的错误观点和态度;用“鱼翅”、“鸦片”、“烟枪、烟灯”、“姨太太”来比喻文化遗产的几个组成部分;用“占有”、“挑选”、“创新”来说明批判继承文化遗产的三个步骤。十分贴切,浑然一体,令人信服并不由得拍案叫绝。
邀请信:
It is my pleasure / a great honor for me to invite you to ...
I am sure that you will enjoy yourself here.
I hope that you won’t decline my invitation.
感谢信:
It was kind and generous of you to do this for me and I do appreciate it more than I can say.
Thank you from the bottom of my heart for ...
道歉信:
I am terribly sorry that I have done ...
I hope that the settlement of the matter will meet your wishes.
I regret to inform you that I am unable to do ...
询问信:
I am writing to you in the hope that I may obtain ...
I shall be grateful if you can offer me the information about ...
I would like some detailed information about ...
求职信:
I wish to apply for a position with your company.
I am very interested in exploring a position as a ... with your company.
I trust myself that I have the appropriate qualifications and experience for this post.
投诉信:
I am writing to express my dissatisfaction with / at ...
I am completely disappointed to find ...
所谓对比,就是把正反两方面的论点和论据加以剖析对照,达到否定错误观点,树立正确论点的目的。
运用对比要注意所选取的“对体”的正与误、是与非、新与旧的区别要非常明显,要有突出的互相对立的关系;必须要对所要论述的对象的矛盾本质有深刻的认识;可以是人对人、物对物,也可以是纵向比较或横向对照。
当然,以上所概括的这几种论证方法,仅仅使用其中的一种,有时论述也会过于单薄。为强化说服力,许多议论文兼用多种论证方法。不过,使用多种论证方法一定要注意突出其中的一种,才会给人留下深刻的印象。
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