位置在下面称呼语隔一行,是信的核心部分。因此要求正文层次分明、简单易懂。和中文信不同的'是,正文中一般不用hello!(你好!
正文有缩进式和齐头式两种。每段书信第一行的第一个字母稍微向右缩进些,通常以五个字母为宜,每段第二行从左面顶格写起,这就是缩进式。
但美国人写信各段落往往不用缩进式,用齐头式,即每一行都从左面顶格写起。商务信件大都采用齐头式的写法。
信头是指发信人的姓名(单位名称、地址和日期,一般写在信纸的右上角。一般公函或商业信函的信纸上都印有单位或公司的名称、地址、电话号码等,因此就只需在信头下面的右边写上写信日期就可以了。
英文地址的写法与中文完全不同,地址的名称按从小到大的顺序:第一行写门牌号码和街名;第二行写县、市、省、州、邮编、国名;然后再写日期。标点符号一般在每一行的末尾都不用,但在每一行的之间,该用的还要用,例如在写日期的时候。
其中日期的写法,如1997年7月30日,英文为:july 30,1997(最为普遍;july 30th,1997;30th july,1997等。1997不可写成97。
yesterday i read a book the name of the book is《dr bethune》.
dr bethune was a famous doctor from canada. in 1938 he came to china. at that time china was at war with japan. he worked as a doctor in the chinese army and saved many soldiers’ lives. he worked very hard and became sick. dr bethune died in 1939. he was only 49 years old. he was a good man and we remember him today.
i think the book is very very good!
written by wu qingxiang
mar. 31
how to do research
——reading after a science paper
these days i am busy preparing my dissertation which is about web usage mining . i read some english papers and learnt much from them . and now i want to say something about a paper titled “web usage mining:discovery and applications of usage patterns from web data”.
this is the first english paper i read about dissertation and gave me great help .
this paper is a review about web usage mining. it introduced web usage mining in detail . although it is a little old for it was published in its contents are very useful today . it is organized according to the sequence of web usage mining and the six main parts are introduction which tells me what is web usage mining the sources and abstraction of web data the three steps of web usage mining taxonomy and project survey websift overview privacy issues . the third and fourth parts are most important . it had a list of existing project about web usage mining which i saw many times in other papers but this paper is the one creating this list . besides it has been referred for more then twenty times . as we all know that the higher the referred number is the more important the paper is so i consider this paper to be an important and successful one in this region.
in my opinion the success of this paper dues to three reasons . the first reason is the profound computer knowledge owned by the authors . web usage mining relates to many subjects such as artificial intelligence ontology semantic analysis but the most basic knowledge is computer science . the four authors are all professors of department of computer science and engineering in university of minnesota . for myself i am not major in computer science and i am not very good at computers so i feel a little difficult to understand technologies used in this region.
second they had read a large number of papers before they wrote this paper . there are fifty nine references listed after main contents . “stand on the shoulders of giants” this sentence tell us a truth : one can never successful all by oneself . and what’s more learn from others can save a lot of time and energy especially for us new learner . how to learn from others is a skill all of us should master but learning doesn’t mean copy or plagiary . other people’s knowledge and production is just our foundation upon this foundation we must have our own thoughts and creation. there are many remarks in this paper where referred other’s production.
third the authors had the experience of developing a web usage mining project . they don’t just engage in idle theorizing so their comprehension on this issue is greatly profound. they know what we may meet in a real project development and they know how to resolve them . after reading this paper i also read some other papers written in chinese . some of them are not based on real project and can not give useful resolution . websift is the name of system they developed which can be used to data mining and analysis .
i wrote this article not only because it gave me much help in preparing my dissertation but also because it tells me how to study and how to do research . honesty and preciseness are two essential making a researcher must have . hard-working is the necessary condition leading to success . this is just the beginning of my dissertation i should learn from these four authors both their knowledge and their attitude to study.
a tale of two cities occupies a central place in the canon of charles dickens's works. this novel of the french revolution was originally serialized in the author's own periodical all the year round. weekly publication of chapters 1-3 of book 1 began on april 30, 1859. in an innovative move, dickens simultaneously released installments of the novel on a monthly basis, beginning with all of book 1 in june and concluding with the last eight chapters of book 3 in december. dickens took advantage of the novel's serial publication to experiment with characterization, plot, and theme. he described the work in a letter to his friend john forster, cited in rudi glancy's a tale of two cities: dickens's revolutionary novel, as "a picturesque story rising in every chapter, with characters true to nature, but whom the story should express more than they should express themselves by dialogue." the novel that emerged from his experimentation is now regarded as one of dickens's most popular and most innovative works.
dickens's work was very popular with the reading public when it was first published. one review in the magazine athenaeum stated that a tale of two cities had attracted the praise of a hundred thousand readers. on the other hand, a whole set of critics, most notably sir james fitzjames stephen writing in saturday review, criticized the novel precisely for its popularity. "most of the critics writing in the intellectual and literary journals of the day considered popular success a good reason to condemn a work," explains glancy. "if the public liked it, they certainly could not be seen to approve of it at all." modern critical opinion, however, has given the novel an important place among dickens's most mature works of fiction.
在复活节假期中,忙着当空中飞人到处玩耍的我也在空余时间看了几篇英国散文。《论读书》,我之所以写它是因为让我惊奇地发现“为什么读书”这件事是任何时代每个国家的哲学家,思想家都在思考的问题。《论语》,《荀子》,《***选集》等等这些书,其中都有提到读书的重要性。今儿,让我们来看看西方的文人对这个问题的阐述,在其中你会有所共鸣,会有所思考,会对中西方文人思维特点有个对比。
关于《论读书》古罗马诗人奥维德在《女英雄书信集》中早说过“Abeunt studia in mores”意为一切学问都对性格有所影响。在我们的生活中,每件事每个经历甚至偶然间读过的某本书,这样的事情反复积累沉淀,造就了不同的我们。
《论读书》是弗兰西斯.培根的一篇散文作品,仅仅数百来字就把读书的妙用和读书的方法这两个问题说得非常透彻。培根在说到读书的'用处时,既强调了其对立身行事,自我修养的帮助,又指出了书本知识的局限性,认为学问应当受到经验的规范。作者还对不同书籍提出了不同的读书方法:有些书浅尝即可,有些只须囫囵吞枣,少数须要细细咀嚼消化。这种对自我完善的渴求似乎反映出文艺复兴时代的“人文主义精神“——相信人的力量和人无限的潜力。
节选
Studies serve for delight, for ornament,and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring (独处和幽居之时; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in thejudgement and disposition of business; for expert men can execute, and perhapsjudge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots (plan and marshalling of affairs (处理事务come best from those that are learned. To spend too much time instudies, is sloth; to use them too much for ornament, is affectation; to makejudgement wholly by their rules, is the humour of scholar(学者的癖性; they perfect nature, and are perfected by experience; for naturalabilities are like plants, that need pruning by study; and studies themselvesdo give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in byexperience(若不以经验约束的知识则会不着边际.
Read not to contradict (否定 and confute (驳斥, nor to believe and takefor granted(想当然, nor to find talk and discourse, butto weigh and consider. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, andsome few to be chewed and digested; that is, some books are to be read only inparts; others to be read but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, andwith diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy(由人代读, and extracts made of them by others; but that would be only in theless important arguments and the meaner sort of books; else distilled books arelike common distilled waters, flashy things (平淡无味的东西.
Histories make men wise, poets, witty; themathematics, subtle; natural philosophy, deep; moral, grave; logic and rhetoric(修辞学, able to contend: Abeunt studia in mores……
关于培根弗兰西斯.培根(FrancisBacon, 1561-1626,英国哲学家,散文家,生于伦敦,受教于剑桥大学三一学院。此后仕途一帆风顺,历任副检察长,检察总长,掌玺大臣等职位,但在1620xx年被指控犯有贿赂罪而削官为民。余生在文学和哲学创作中度过。蒲柏说他是“人中之俊杰,亦是人中之败类”。
其作品主要分为三类:哲学作品《Advancement of Learning》,法律职业的作品,文学类作品《Essays》,《History ofHenry the Seventh,1622》。
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