1。 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street。 Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast。 I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side。 But it was too late。 The car hit my bike and I fell off it。
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard。 On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover。 Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short。 What could he do? Then he had a good idea。
2。 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的\',这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3。 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4。 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things。 Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao。 It is really a beautiful city。 There are many places of interest to see。 But what impressed me most was the sunrise。
The next morning I got up early。 I was very happy because it was a fine day。 By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red。 In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing。 The sun was very red, not shining。 It rose slowly。 At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball。 At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright。
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5。 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something。 Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front。 I thought maybe someone was knocking the door。 I asked who it was but I heard no reply。 After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor。 I realized it was the cat。 I felt released。
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something。 "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front。 Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply。 After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor。 "It's you。" I said, quite released。
导入:
第1段:Some people hold the opinion that A is superior to B in many ways. Others, however, argue that B is much better. Personally, I would prefer A because I think A has more advantages.
正文:
第2段:There are many reasons why I prefer A. The main reason is that ... Another reason is that...(赞同A的原因
第3段: Of course, B also has advantages to some extent... (列出1~2个B的优势
结论:
第4段: But if all these factors are considered, A is much better than B. From what has been discussed above, we may finally draw the conclusion that ...(得出结论 オ
随着历史的发展,汉字也以其特有的方式发生了变化。汉字发展的总趋势是从复杂到简单。汉字的数目也是越发展越多。于是人们在写字时也不免出现一些错别字。错字与别字是两个完全不同的概念:错字是指将某个字写错,这个错字既不为人知,也无任何意义,完全是写字的人自己编造出来的;别字是指写出的字与正确的字音同或音近,但意思却不同。别字多的文章,词不达意,别字文章中心内容的表现,有时也会闹出笑话。
从前一个穷秀才托人将成熟的\'枇筢果送给朋友,并写了一张便条:“琵琶结果,请与仁兄共尝。”朋友笑他写了白字,也写了一张字条给他,上面写着:“若是琵琶能结果,满城箫管尽开花。”可见,写错别字原因之一则是平时对词汇的积累太少。如果一篇文章中错字、别字过多,可以肯定地说文章作者并没有把自己的母语学好。连自己民族的语言都学不好的人,还有什么资格去学习其它功课呢?现在文明所用的某些字、词也是从很早以前人们写的错别字中沿用下来的。例如,现代汉语有这样一个词:逃之夭夭。它的意思是形容人逃跑的样子。而在《诗经. 周南. 桃夭》中,有“桃之夭夭”一句,它形容桃花的美丽与妖艳。这两个字意思显然不同,但“逃之夭夭”却来自“桃之夭夭”,是在词语“桃之夭夭”基础上创造的新词语。这是古人对于新事物的概括,也是他们对于文字、语言的创新,是我们民族拥有光辉灿烂文化的原因之一。然而,如今我们汉字的数目已经很多,我们在汉字使用中,在一般情况下,确实已经没有再创造“新汉字(错别字)”的意义了。避免错别字的出现,其实也是很简单的。只要平时注意词汇的积累,读书时每一个字词在句中的意思,勤查字典和辞典、透彻理解每一个字词的意思。这样,在使用汉字时,肯定就不易出现错别字了。
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