写景状物是我们最重要的基本功之一。大千世界,万事万物,行诸笔端,拨动读者的心弦。这既是一桩乐事,又是一桩难事。培养这方面的能力,是我们高中阶段写作训练的重要目标。
写景状物指的是对景或物进行描写或叙述。古往今来,有多少大手笔将险峻的高山、湍急的江河定格在文章里.至今还让人久久回味.从他们的描写中,可以感受到太阳的光芒、月亮的清辉、春风的和煦、冬雪的晶莹……在他们的笔下,一个个普通的汉字经过奇妙的组合,带给人们无可言喻的美的享受,而这一切,都来源于“写景状物”。
观点需要材料(论据)来论证,材料为证明论点而来。有人形容两者之间的关系,说:观点要从材料中来,到材料中去。显然,这么讲比较形象。在实际的议论文写作中,观点不能从材料中来,也就是说材料不能证明论点的情形,不少。也可以这么讲的就是:观点和材料脱节是议论文写作失败的一个很重要的原因。
【例3】
罗马教会的十字架上绑着一位白发苍苍的老人,底下雄雄烈火无情吞噬着他的躯体。但他大声喊道:‘火可以将我烧死,但不能毁灭真理。后人会了解我的价值!’这位老者就是为真理献出生命的天文学家布鲁诺。历史早已验证了这位老人的话。他经历痛苦取得的价值是使真理在世上永生。
确乎,布鲁诺被火烧死是一种痛苦,可是,这种痛苦的价值更多地在于能说明愚味的可怕,在于说明人类认识真理的不易,而不在于说明使真理在世上永生。
【例4】
有这样一个故事:一个牧师把一张地图从一本书上撕下并撕成碎片,让他不听话的儿子重新拼好。不过,出乎他意料的是他儿子仅用几分钟就完成了。其原因是他的儿子拼的不是地图本身,而是地图背面人的照片。因此有了他儿子这样的一句话:我想如果一个人是正确的,他的世界也就会是正确的。
这个故事给予我一个很大的启示就是只有学会改变自己,才能改变你周围的一切。
就材料本身而言,与启示中改变相关的内容也就仅儿子改变拼图方法这一点,可从这一点上就能得到如此的启示吗?不能。要想得到启示,那就得把故事进行重新叙述。
记叙文就是记载、叙述我们在生活中看到、听到、经历过、接触过的一些人物和事件的文章。记叙人物和事件,必须掌握四个要素,即时间、地点、人物,事件(起因、发展、结果)。
记叙文常见的表达方式是记叙、描写、抒情和议论。记叙,就是记载和叙述人物的经历、活动以及事物发展变化的经过;描写,就是以形象的语言对人物、事件、环境作细致入微的描绘,给人以真切的感受;抒情,就是抒发、表达自己的感情;议论,就是讲述道理,也就是作者通过对事物、事件的评论,来表明自己的观点和态度。 记叙和描写是记叙文常见的表达方式,记叙和描写的结合,是记叙文写作的基本要求。记叙是通过一般的述说和交代,把人物或事件及其相互关系变化介绍给读者,使读者对事物的发展和全貌有一个清晰的了解;描写是在记叙的基础上,用生动形象的语言,将人物、事件、景物存在与变化的具体状态作精细的描绘,造成一种如见其人,如闻其声,如临其境的感觉,使读者受到艺术感染,留下难以忘怀的印象。记叙文如果缺少描写,就会平淡苍白,主题不突出,形象不鲜明,情节不感人。当然,描写要恰当,为中心服务。所谓恰当,即突出特征,符合身份,写出变化。
写作记叙文时,在记叙和描写的基础上,适当穿插抒情和议论不仅能增强文章的感染力和表现力,而且能突出文章的中心。
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议论文有三要素,即论点、论据和论证。论点是作者对论述的对象(事物或问题)所持的见解和主张;论据是用来证明论点的道理和事实,论证是运用论据来证明论点的过程和方法。
议论文总的论证方法为:摆事实,讲道理;既摆事实,又讲道理。细分为:引证法、例证法、归纳法、演绎法、归谬法、比喻论证法、类比论证法、正反对比论证法等。分析议论文,要注意找出作者所运用的论证方法,以准确理解文章的内容与中心。
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