1。 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street。 Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast。 I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side。 But it was too late。 The car hit my bike and I fell off it。
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard。 On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover。 Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short。 What could he do? Then he had a good idea。
2。 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的',这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3。 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4。 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things。 Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao。 It is really a beautiful city。 There are many places of interest to see。 But what impressed me most was the sunrise。
The next morning I got up early。 I was very happy because it was a fine day。 By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red。 In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing。 The sun was very red, not shining。 It rose slowly。 At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball。 At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright。
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5。 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something。 Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front。 I thought maybe someone was knocking the door。 I asked who it was but I heard no reply。 After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor。 I realized it was the cat。 I felt released。
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something。 "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front。 Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply。 After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor。 "It's you。" I said, quite released。
青春如歌,我们便要大声歌唱。——题记
已经是八月了,窗外的天气依旧是那样的燥热。没有心情苦闷地呆在书房里看书,我很想去找你们——我的朋友。但你们却都埋在了书堆,不忍心去成为你们时间的消耗者,也就只能把这份友谊看作一湖水,让它好好的平静,不希望一阵微风而是它起了波澜。
于是我独自一人顶着火热的阳光来到我们曾经拥有最灿烂笑容的校园。校园内的草儿和树都散发着太阳的气味,于是我的记忆开始倒退。
记忆开始颓废,开始对教室的记忆定格。两年前穿着小碎花裙的我真像个小傻妞,好不可爱。但是现在仿佛对自己也好陌生,陌生的让我认不出自己。我们的纯真到哪去了?是因为青春的来到而消失得无隐无踪吗?还是......
心痛,痛心。分不清了痛,回旋在枯燥的空气中。花开,花谢。生命一次次的飘零散落。趴在窗边,望着外面,高大的树不在光秃,长出了许多属于它的美丽枝叶。小鸟的来回又能否传递给我一份快乐。几个小孩蹲在花坛旁踩花,互相赠送给对方,那样的快乐,天真,我也曾经有过。而现在这快乐天真只不过是他们的了。对吗?
对于那失而不复返的童真我们已不能永远地留恋,我们的青春正向我们走来,你看到了吗?生命只给人一次青春,我选择追求,去追求生命的梦想,放飞生命的色彩。不是吗?我要让青春像风帆一样,在狂风摇曳波浪敲击的时候,也要潇洒地走一回,哪怕最终被风浪淘汰,我也不会后悔。因为我曾经为之努力过。
于是,我启程。只有启程,才会达到理想的目的地;只有拼搏,才会获得辉煌的成功;只有追求,才会放出生命的色彩。成功和喜悦从来就不是翻转手掌那般容易,金牌和鲜花从来就不是撞树而死的兔子,骄傲和自豪也不是滑天掉下来的馅饼。
征途是曲曲折折的小路,有寒冰,有大雨,有绊脚石。不知道前面的路是深不可测渊池,还是风平浪静的湖面;也不知道前面的路是崎岖坎坷的羊肠小道,还是布满鲜花的阳光大道。我不管,我不管路上的荆棘也不顾前方的危险,系紧我的鞋带上路。
鲁迅曾经说过:“地上本没有路,走的人多了,就成了路”。所以我们的美好青春需要靠自己的双手去创造。请铭记青春将要向我们走来。
我们要把自信写在脸上,双手紧握着倔强和坚强,哼着听起来怪异的歌,向我们的青春致敬:青春,你好!
是的,向你们说的青春中有很多不堪回首苦涩记忆,但是其中何尝没有记忆犹新的甜蜜回忆呢?青春是我们成长路上的石子,你若不勇敢地走过去,谁又会替你坚强?
假若你冲过重重难关,我们的美好青春就会在路的那一头向你问好......
那时我们就会抑制不住自己的情感,含着泪微笑的抬头朝着天空呐喊:我的青春你还好吗?
导入:
第1段:提出一种现象或某种困难作为议论的话题
正文:
第2段:Many ways can help to solve this serious problem, but the following may be most effective. First of all... Another way to solve the problem is ... Finally...(列出2~3个解决此类问题的办法
结论:
第3段:These are not the best but the only two/ three measures we can take. But it should be noted that we should take action to...(强调解决此类问题的根本方法
果然,只见3号选手排在末尾,他有些上气不接下气了,速度也明显慢了下来。但他没有放弃,双眼紧盯着前方的红线。突然,他象瞬间提速的马达一样,又脚拼命地向前狂奔,刮起一阵旋风,竟把一位观众的手绢给刮到了半空中。3号选手的突然提速让其他人都措手不及,这场比赛也进行到了白热化!
场外的啦啦队这时派上了用场。他们手拿啦啦棒,边敲边喊加油,一个个都扯破喉咙地喊,好像是他们自己在比赛一样。另一边的啦啦队也喊了起来,两队的声音都了震耳欲聋的广播;它点燃了观众们的全部激情,无一观众不在加油;它还激发了选手们最后的力量!
冲刺了!选手们离红线越来越近,每个选手的眼神就像一匹匹凶狠的`饿狼盯着一块令人垂涎欲滴的鲜肉似得盯着红线。一股力量促使他们更加卖力地向前冲。赛场异常安静,人们都屏住呼吸,眼睛也不敢眨,生怕错过那最精彩的一瞬间。
几秒后,赛场又沸腾了!这是一声惊天地动地的欢呼。几秒前,3号选手冲了线,获得了冠军!支持他的观众们欢呼雀跃,跳到座位上大叫,互相拥抱、击掌,有的抑制不住心中的喜悦,甚至绕着球场狂奔。还有一些支持其他选手的观众则是失望透顶,眼睛都无神采,只在暗暗用力踩着地板,心情跌到了谷底,一点儿也没有刚才激动和紧张的样子。
1。 头绪分明,脉络清楚
写好记叙文,首先要头绪分明,脉络清楚,明确文章要求写什么。要对所写的事件或人物进行分析,弄清事件发生、发展一直到结束的整个过程,然后再收集选取素材。这些素材都应该跟上述五个“ W ”和一个“ H ”有关。尽管不是每篇记叙文里都必须包括这些“ W ”和“ H ”,但动笔之前,围绕五个“ W ”和“ H ”进行构思是必不可少的。
2。 突出中心,详略得当
在文章的框架确定后,对支持故事的素材的选取是很关键的。选材要注意取舍,应该从表现文章主题的需要出发,分清主次,定好详略。要突出重点,详写细述那些能表现文章主题的重要情节,略写粗述那么非关键的次要情节。面面俱到反而使情节罗列化,使人不得要领。这一点是写好记叙文要解决的一个基本问题,也需要一定的技巧。如:
One night a man came to our house and told me, "There is a family with eight children。 They have not eaten for days。" I took some food with me and went。
When I finally came to that family, I saw the faces of those little children disfigured (破坏外貌) by hunger。 There was no sorrow or sadness in their faces, just the deep pain of hunger。
I gave the rice to the mother。 She divided the rice in two, and went out, carrying half the rice。 When she came back, I asked her, "Where did you go?" she gave me this simple answer, "To my neighbors — they are hungry also!"
3。 用活语言,准确生动
记叙文要用具体的事件和生动的语言对人、事、物加以叙述。一篇好的记叙文的语言既要准确、生动,又要表现力强,这样才能把人、事描写得具体生动,其可读性才强。试比较下面一篇例文修改的前后效果。
原文:
One day Xiaoqiang was wandering away。 He was soon lost among people and traffic。 He could not find the way back home and started crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by found him standing alone in front of a shop and crying。 They went up to Xiaoqiang and asked him what had happened。 Xiaoqiang told them how he got lost and where he lived。 The two students decided to take him home。 Mother was pleased to see Xiaoqiang come back safe and sound。 She invited the two students into the house and gave them some money, but they didn't take it。 She served them with tea but they left。
修改后:
The other day, five-year-old Xiaoqiang left home alone and wandered happily in the street。 After some time, he felt hungry so he wanted to go back home。 But he found he was lost among the crowded people and heavy traffic。 When he could not find the way home, he started and crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by from school found him sanding crying in front of a shop。 They immediately went up to him。
"Little boy, why are you standing here crying?" they asked。
"I want Mom, I go home。" said the boy, still crying。
"Don't worry, we'll send you home。"
And they spent the next two hours looking for the boy's house。 With the help of a policeman, they finally found it。
When the worried mother saw her son come back safe and sound, she was so thankful and she invited the students into her house。 Gratefully, she offered them some money, saying it was a way to express her thanks, but the young students firmly refused it and left without even a cup of tea。
导入:
第1段:Recently we’ve had a discussion about whether we should... (导入话题
Our opinions are divided on this topic.(观点有分歧
正文:
第2段:Most of the students are in favour of it.(正方观点
Here are the reasons. First... Second... Finally...(列出2~3个赞成的理由
第3段:However, the others are strongly against it. (反方观点
Their reasons are as follows. In the first place... What’s more... In addition...(列出2~3个反对的理由
结论:
第4段:Personally speaking, the advantages overweigh the disadvantages, for it will do us more harm than good, so I support it.(个人观点 オ
导入:
第1段:提出一种现象或某个决定作为议论的话题
As a student, I am strongly in favour of the decision. (亮明自己的观点是赞成还是反对
The reasons for this may be listed as follows. (过渡句,承上启下
正文:
第2段:First of all... Secondly... Besides...(列出2~3个赞成或反对的`理由
结论:
第3段:In conclusion, I believe that... (照应第1段,构成"总—分—总"结构
生命是什么?我想没有什么人可以为它下一个准确的定义。然而生命的可贵与短促却是人人认同的。
因此,我们要善待生命!
多少年前当屈原纵然跳入汨罗江中,满怀抱负而不得志的他得到了解脱;多少年前当海子断然横卧在山海关铁路线上时,在理想与现实矛盾的悲苦中,他得到的是解脱。
他们的生命结束于自己的手掌之中,他们是在善待生命吗?
坎贝尔说:“活在活着的人的心里,就是没有死去。”
屈原走了,但他留给我们一篇篇不朽的诗篇,这位浪漫主义诗派的鼻祖,让我们感受到了他的灵魂,他的信念,他的永恒。
海子去了,但这位当代年轻的诗人却把他的灵魂留给了未来的人们,未来的世界。
他们的生命结束了,然而,灵魂却得到了永生。
难道在生命还在进行的时刻,他们没有善待生命吗?
是否善待生命,不在于如何的死去,而在于生命进行时如何去把握。
欧也尼·葛朗台,家财万贯,生活无性。然而为了金钱,他背弃了妻子,剥夺了女儿的终身幸福。他的生命缺少了价值。善待生命离他多么遥远!
生命的可贵还在于创造价值。善待生命,即是在有限的生命中创造价值。
美国动物学家卡尔在生命中将要结束时刻还在为人类作贡献,记录下自己死的感觉和征兆。他的生命是有价值的。
蒙田也说过:人生的价值不在于生命的长短,而在于我们如何利用生命的光阴。
生命长也好,短也罢。总归需要经历。生命诚可贵,善待价更高。
当我们吟颂前人的美词佳句时;当我们感受他们的灵魂深处时;当我们感受到他们曾经的生命时。善待生命,又一次成为我们的追寻。
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