1。hereby
该词意为by means of , by reason of this, by this agreement,“特此”,“因此”,“兹”,“在此”。此词常用作法律、经贸文件、合同、协议书等正式文件的开头语,在合同条款中需特别强调时也可用,表示当事人借此合约,要宣示某种具有法律效力的“意思表示”,如保证、同意、放弃权利等,一般放于主语后,紧邻主语。如:The Company hereby covenants and warrants that…… 意为:By this agreement the Company covenants and warrants that……即:公司在此保证……再如:Both parties hereby agree that……意为:By this agreement both parties agree that……即:双方当事人在此同意……
2。hereof
该词意为:of this agreement,“关于此点”;“在本文件中”,表示上文已提及的“本合同的、本文件的……”,一般置于要修饰的名词的后面,与之紧邻。如:to take effect on the date hereof 意为:to take effect on the date of this agreement 即:于本合约之日期生效。再如:the headings of the sections hereof 意为:the headings of the sections of this agreement 即:本合约各条款之标题。
3。hereto
该词意为:to this agreement,“至此”,“在此”,表示上文已提及的“本合同的……本文件的……”,一般置于要修饰的`名词的后面,与之紧邻。如:both parties hereto 意为both parties to this agreement,即本合约之当事人双方;items specified in Attachment I and hereto 意为:items specified in Attachment I to this agreement 即:本合约之附件I所列之各项。
4。herein
该词意为:in this agreement,“此中”,“于此”,表示上文已提及的“本合同(中)的……,本法(中)的……”等,一般置于所修饰词后,紧邻所修饰词。如:to file a suit in the court agreed to herein 意为:to file a suit in the court agreed to in this agreement 即:向当事人于本合约中同意管辖的法院提起诉讼;再如:to follow the terms and conditions herein 意为:to follow the terms and conditions in this agreement,即:遵守本合约所规定的条件。
5。hereinafter
该词意为:later in the same Contract,“以下”,“在下文”,一般与to be referred to as, referred to as, called 等词组连用,以避免重复。
6。hereunder
该词意为:under this agreement,“在本合约内”、“依据本合约”。如:obligations hereunder,意为obligations under this agreement,即“本合约内的义务”。再如:rights granted hereunder,意为rights granted under this agreement,即“依本合约所赋予的权利”。
Nowadays, many famous university campuses have become one of the popular tourist attractions. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that every year thousands and thousands of middle school students visit Tsing Hua University and Peking University and other famous universities in China. In the place far away from the capital city, the local students also visit the universities famous in their own province.
So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to open the university campus for tourists? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing for the students to visit the famous university campus in that it can enable the middle students to get more information about the university and they can have enough time and opportunity to prepare themselves with the chance to get into the university. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, the public tourism will have negative effect on the universities because it will not only do harm to the environment but also to the intellectual atmosphere.
In my opinion, the tourism to the universities is not a good thing. The campus is mainly a place for study. With the increasing tourism on the campus, it will ruin the spiritual atmosphere in this learning field.
首先,提纯范文 “谋篇布局”及结构模板。
第一段:提出问题或现象。Nowadays, … … have become one of the popular … …. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that … ….
第二段:正反列举人们的看法。So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to … …? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing for … … in that … …. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, … … will have negative effect on … … because it will not only do harm to … … but also to … ….
第三段:摆明自己观点。In my opinion, … … is not a good thing. … … With the increasing … …, it will ruin … ….
其次,提纯范文“段落写作”。
段落写作分为统一性,连贯性和完整性三方面。
统一性(unity:段落开头的主题句应该做到不可太宽泛,也不可太具体,做到有较强的概括性才能使下文做到有的放矢的展开。范文第二段首句以设问的方式提出一个问题is it a good or bad thing就有很强的概况性。下文自然会一方面从好的方面说明,另一方面从坏的方面说明。
连贯性(coherence:关联词是使文章段落之间相互连贯的必要条件。范文中nowadays, on one hand, on the other hand, in one’s opinion即以“启承转合”递进的顺序是文章条理清晰,层层展开。
完整性(completeness:以设问句“So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to open the university campus for tourists?”开头,这是平时较少运用的段落写作方式——设问法。“On one hand … …. On the other hand, … ….”是段落写作分类列举法的典型用法。
再次,提纯范文“句子写作”。
1. It has been shown that … …
类似句型:It is known to us that … …
It is said that … …
It is reported that … …
It is controversial that … …
2. “… … Tsing Hua University and Peking University and other famous universities … …。”——并列句。并列句是简单的复杂句。但其运用方法并不简单,注意练习并接句的使用,会使句子显的更加饱满。
3. enable v. 使…能够
I gave him full directions to enable him to find the house.
4. in that = because
表“因为”的连词还有since, for, as,如:
The boy was absent because he was ill. = The boy was absent since he was ill.
此句以我们常用的人称开头,句式简单,我们可以通过把since提前改变句式,如:
Since the boy was ill, he was absent. 句式多样化。
最后,提纯范文“措辞”。
1. attraction n. 具有吸引力的事情。
2. thousands and thousands 成千上万的
形容“多”的表达方法:millions and millions
a multitude of
a great deal of
a large amount of
plenty of
many a
3. “some people argued that … …”中的“argue”并不是“讨论,辩论”的意思,而是“认为”。
I argue that … …
I maintain that … …
I claim that … …
I insist that … … = I think that … …
I hold that … …
I assert that … …
I assume that … …
4. negative adj. 否定的.,相反的
hold negative view = hold opposite opinions
5. phenomenon n. 现象
social phenomenon 社会现象
natural phenomenon 自然现象
6. intellectual adj. 聪明的= intelligent, bright, clever
(选词策略:使用最近所学的单词,如intellectual > intelligent > bright > clever
在分析并掌握范文之后,我们需要运用范文知识练习仿写。笔者运用2005年12月范文中的模板结构仿写了2006年12月的四级作文,以供参考:
1. 许多人喜欢在除夕夜看春节晚会
2. 但有些人提出取消春节晚会
3. 我的看法
Nowadays, the Spring Festival Evening has become one of the popular topic and attractions during every traditional New Year’s Eve. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that every year thousands and thousands of Chinese people appear to be accustomed to enjoying the sights and sounds of a brilliant feast, while gathering with their beloved family.
However, an increasing number of people have voiced different opinions towards it. So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to cancel the Spring Festival Evening? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing to amuse the audience in that it is composed by a numerous adequate programs, such as the emotional song, the graceful dance, the funny short sketch, the amusing comic dialogue, the delightful magic, and the marvelous acrobatics and so on. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, the Spring Festival Evening will have negative effect on the family harmony because it will not only do harm to having the talks between family members on the Spring Festival Eve but also to enjoying the gourmet meal in a fancy restaurant.
In my opinion, the Spring Festival Evening is a good thing. It may not remain a must for all people, but it can bring us a strong sense of festivity and serve as an alternative among the variety of holiday activities. With the increasing audience of the Spring Festival Evening, it will ruin a distinctive culture during the Spring Festival vacation.
There are many students smoking in senior high school, the reason may be that they think they look cool or appear to be more mature while having a cigarette at hand.But there are a lot of reasons not to smoke. Smoking does harm to our health.It is dangerous to our heart and lung. A lot of diseases are caused by cigarettes.Cigarettes also have terrible smell.The seconghand smoke can also be dangerous to the others who stand around you. Therefore, no smoking in public is a strict regulation in many countries. And the most important thing is that once you come into addicitive,it's hard to get rid of it. So,we must keep far from the cigarette——for everybody's health.
高中里有很多学生吸烟,原因可能是他们觉得手中有一支烟看上去很酷或者显得更成熟。但是,不吸烟的原因有很多。吸烟有害我们的健康,对我们的心脏和肺很危险。很多疾病都是由香烟引起的,而且烟的味道不好闻。二手烟对周围的.人也很危险。因此,公共场所禁止吸烟是很多国家的一项严厉规定。最重要的是,一旦你上瘾了就很难戒掉了。所以,为了每个人的健康,我们必须远离香烟。
为自己鼓劲扬起自信的风帆,驶向成功的彼岸,为了目标,为自己鼓劲,为自己呐喊,为自己喝彩……——题记学会为自己鼓劲,就是给成功增添砝码。很久以前有两个朋友想穿越沙漠,当他们喝完最后一滴水时,一个朋友绝望了,他无助地坐在那儿渴望能够邂逅哪一救星来拯救绝望的他,而另一个朋友则不断地为自己鼓劲,给自己信心,给自己力量,这个生存的目标在引诱他,他不气馁地寻求着出路,拼命给自己加油呐喊……最后,这个朋友死在了沙漠中,而他成功地存活了下来,成为了一个有名的冒险家。
学会为自己鼓劲,就是给成功之路上多放置一块垫脚石。任何人都是被上帝咬过一口的苹果,上帝是公平的,正因为如此,才让乌龟顶着自不量力的骂名,自信地接受了高傲的兔子的挑战,路途漫漫,乌龟给自己鼓劲成了动力的源泉,让它毫无争议的战胜了目空一切的兔子。学会为自己鼓劲,才能看见成功,才能触及成功。波兰艺术大师梵高的鼎盛是在其辞世之后的一百多年,当时梵高800幅油画,700多幅素描无人问津,仅仅卖出了可怜的一幅,他气馁了,不断怀疑自己的\'能力,所以,梵高遗憾地错过了他应有的及时的成功,只有他的灵魂才看见了他的成功,这种遗憾多么令人惋惜啊!为自己鼓劲,让自己穿过困难的荆棘;为自己鼓劲,让自己跨越困难的沟壑;为自己鼓劲,让自己战胜骇人的巨浪;为自己鼓劲,让自己翱翔在苍穹的宁静中;为自己鼓劲,让自己稽留在成功的王国中。
让我们把这一份信念深入自己细胞的每一个罅隙中,变对成功眷恋不舍为牢牢把握,让我们为自己鼓劲,让我们穿越障碍,走向成功!为自己鼓劲小草怀着坚强的信念破土发芽;花儿抱着惊人的毅力含苞欲放;小树揣着刚劲的意志茁壮成长。是什么使它们风雨侵衣骨更硬,野菜充饥志越坚呢?是为自己鼓劲的意念。
渡过成功的河流,自信是一座桥梁;攀登成功的颠峰,自信是一架天梯。——题记
自信使他荣登成功的宝座;自信使的坚守自己的信念,创下如今硕果累累的果园;自信使他在遭受挫折时,不心浮气躁,从而解决难题,迎来胜利的曙光;自信使他闯出一条柳暗花明的康庄大道!
一、创办果园:坚守信念——自信的风采,成功的基石当他决定建立一个果园时,村民的不屑可让他沮丧,家人的劝说可让他灰心,资金的不足可让他愈加失望……这一切,都足以动摇他的决心。然而,这位朴实的汉子把这些都吞进肚里,依然坚守自己的信念,相信自己的眼光,“走自己的路,让别人去说吧!”于是,以后的日子里,人们便见到他在田间忙着种树的身影。
因为自信,他不顾旁人的流言蜚语和创业的艰辛,毅然为自己的梦想付诸行动,所以他成功了。
自信,经得起流短飞长的冲击,碰撞出成功的火花。点燃自信的火炬,照亮你前进的道路,让你走向成功!
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