最初,是对黄仁宇先生的“大历史观”感兴趣,所以抱着强烈的好奇心翻开了《万历十五年》。后来一发不可收拾,记得大概从去年九月开始读,断断续续读了很久,读到今年七月,竟已刷了三遍,有种上瘾的感觉,而且每遍都有新的收获。黄先生的书让我从新的视角去审视、解读历史,感觉耳目为之一新,眼界为之一开,回味无穷,而这远远比单单了解历史事件来得有趣和重要的多。
《万历十五年》,正如它的书名一样——1587,这一年没啥特别的事发生。是的,就在西方文明已经开始在大洋上开疆扩土的时候,对于世界另一端古老王朝的帝王、首辅、谏臣、将领、大儒而言,1587这一年却是极为稀疏平常的一年,一切都按照预定的轨道悄然有序地进行着。然而正如静水流深,表面的不动声色之下,谁也不知有多少的劲流在涌动、狂澜那样,大明皇朝在歌舞升平、花团锦簇的背后其实早已埋下末路穷途的伏笔:一位当初雄心壮志、克己守礼的帝王在受到亲侍近臣欺骗后对朝政心生失望厌倦;一位有心辅助君主、温和谦让的首辅深陷党派之争、疲于应付;一位早已离世的重臣仍释放着他的政治影响力、引发朝局动荡;一位铁面无私、忧心天下的清官却屡遭排挤、孤独终老……其实每个人的初衷都希望这个王朝能走向世界之巅,然而在实现家国理想的道路上,他们越走越偏、越走越远。是的,有时候,当你满心以为你能够左右世界的时候,历史总会给你当头一棒,最后你只能大失所望、哀叹无力回天,不得不妥协求饶,成为历史的附庸者,随波逐流。
为什么帝国的梦想总是破灭,黄先生在书中给出了答案。一直以来,作为稻明的典范,我们的国家深受儒家传统思想影响,在很长的一段时间里我们认为“仁政”、“德治”才是一个国家得以长治久安的根本。那么怎样才能有效地使政策在幅员辽阔的国家由上及下全面推行?我们的先祖们显然很有智慧,他们认为“礼治”才是唯一符合正解的选项,于是他们制定出一系列简单粗狂的道德标准来规避复杂的政治架构(对的,这也就是被我们所熟知的“君君、臣臣、父父、子子”、“君为臣纲,父为子纲,夫为妻纲”等等。天子的一言一行既是万民的遵守范本,也受众人的监视督促。从一方面来说,“礼治”使朝政简化,臣民们不一定要明白施政者的用意,只需埋头遵守,即可达到政通人和、相安无事的效果;从另一方面,这样“礼治”又极其脆弱,因为把这样一个庞大帝国完全地交托到一个人(或者一部分人的品德之上其实是非常危险,毕竟天子不是真正的神明(他同样是一个有血有肉、既会冲动又会感伤的“人”,大臣们也有着这样那样的自身局限,这种看似坚不可破、高效便捷的制度其实自带bug,又何以能够独善其身呢?所以呀,一味追求虚无缥缈的道德至上,而又在法律上缺乏创造性,“其社会发展程度,必然受到限制。即便是宗旨善良,也不能补助技术之不及。”
同样加速帝国灭亡的是明朝的文官集团、文官文化。书中有这样一句话:“难道一个人熟读经史,文笔华美,就具备了在御前为皇帝作顾问的条件?难道学术上造诣深厚,就能成为大政治家。”青年的申时行就曾对文官当政有所疑惑,但是这就是当时明朝的政治生态。文官集团既支撑着帝国的运行,又是帝国的毒瘤(做事缺乏条理、庸政懒政、表里不一,拔与不拔,都是悬在整个帝国头上的达摩克利斯之剑。因为整个文官集团是依附中央集权、道德管理而产生的,而在道德管理的社会里,道德不仅可以指导行政,而且可以代替行政,天底下的大道理都可以常情来度量,即使是最为严格的教条,也承认因情理而发生的例外。这就加深这个阶级的两面性。一面要标榜着、维护着世人公认的政治理想,一面又有着各自的七情六欲、暗箱操作,这就是这个阶级失败的原因,这也就是整个帝国失败的原因。
《万历十五年》,一本优秀的书籍,但由于我见识粗浅,不足以囊括书中精华,只能谈谈个人感受。对明史感兴趣的朋友,可以找来一读。
The Wolf and the Lamba
Wolf, meeting with a Lamb astray from the fold, resolved not to lay violent hands on him, but to find some plea, which should justify to the Lamb himself his right to eat him. He thus addressed him:"Sirrah, last year you grossly insulted me." "Indeed," bleated the Lamb in a mournful tone of voice, "I was not then born." Then said the Wolf, "You feed in my pasture."
"No, good sir," replied the Lamb, "I have not yet tasted grass." Again said the Wolf, "You drink of my well." "No," exclaimed the Lamb, "I never yet drank water, for as yet my mother′s milk is both food and drink to me." On which the Wolf seized him, and ate him up, saying, "Well! I won′t remain supperless, even though you refute every one of my imputations."The tyrant will always find a pretext for his tyranny.
一只狼瞧见一只迷路失群的小羊,决定暂缓下毒手,想先找一些理由,对小羊证明自己有吃它的权利。它就说:「小鬼!你去年曾经骂过我。」小羊可怜地说:「老实说,我去年还没有出生呢。」狼再说:「你在我的草地上吃过草。」
小羊回答说:「不,好先生,我还未曾尝过草的味道呢。」狼又说:「你喝过我井里的水。」小羊叫道:「不,我从没有喝过水,因为直到今天为止,我都是吃着母亲的奶汁。」狼一听这话,便抓住它,把它吃下去,便说:「
don't be afraid of change, you may lose out on something good, but you might gain something even better. —— leslie esdaile 不要害怕改变,尽管你可能会因此失去一些好的东西,但你也可能会得到一些更好的东西。
穷背景男孩和有钱家女孩无法相爱,在告别前他拜托她最后一件事,陪在他身边一盒烟时间,她答应了.于是他一边抽烟,一边回忆和她相爱的时光.后来他成了香烟厂老板,做出有过滤嘴的香烟,香烟的名字叫“marlboro”.man always remember love because of romance over.(男人只因浪漫而牢记爱情
【名牌的读音】好吧,看了之后我承认,我连ipod都读错了……你会读不?
one thorn of experience is worth a whole wilderness of warning. 一次痛彻心扉的经历,抵得上千百次的告诫。
最酷的口语──只含一个单词的英文句子。我们也可以把英语讲到酷。
straight ahead of him, nobody can go very far. 如果你要去的远方没有你的梦,没有你爱的人,那么,就算一直往前,也走不了多远。
where there is great love, there are always miracles.哪里有真爱存在,哪里就有奇迹。
【创意】一个相亲网站的公交广告,将文案分成两部分印在两辆公交车上,“find your perfect match”(找到和你最般配的另一半),比如和你最般配的另一辆公交车。
we say we love flowers, yet we pluck them. we say we love trees, yet we cut them down. and people still wonder why some are afraid when told they are loved.----- 我们说我们爱花朵,但是我们要采。说爱树木,但是我们要砍,我想这就是为什么那么多人在听到别人说爱自己的时候充满了恐惧。
关于爱 】 love at the first sight 一见钟情 cute meet 浪漫的邂逅 the chemical feeling 触电 first love/puppy love 初恋 truelove 真爱 courtship 求爱 propose 求婚 promise/pledge 誓言 a doomed couple 天生一对 all shall be well ,jack shall have jill
家庭(family)意味着:爸(father)和(and)妈(mother),我 (i) 爱 (love 你 (you !爱(love)=倾听(listen) 感恩(obligate) 尊重(valued) 宽恕(excues)
a person who knows how to laugh at himself will never ceased to be amused.一个知道如何嘲笑自己的人,会永远生活在快乐里
这个应该不是人类的课本。。
woman's biggest pride is not her face, but her how conspicuous the men have many painful her.—— 女人最大的骄傲不是她的长相有多出众,而是她的男人有多疼她。
adults are always asking little kids what they want to be when they grow up because they're looking for ideas. -----大人们总是会问孩子你们长大了要做什么,那其实是大人们自己想要答案。
life is really simple, but we insist on making it complicated.----生活一直都很简单,但是我们也一直都忍不住要把它变得很复杂。
下午茶 “如果你简单,这个世界就对你简单”。简单生活才能幸福生活,人要自足常乐,宽容大度,什么事情都不能想繁杂,心灵的负荷重了,就会怨天忧人。要定期的\'对记忆进行一次删除,把不愉快的人和事从记忆中摈弃 if you simply, the world is simple for you. "simple life can be a happy life
you`re waiting for a train. a train that will take you far away. you can`t be sure where it will take you. but it doesn`t matter. because we`ll be together你在等一班火车,火车会带你到很远的地方,你并不确定火车会带你到何方,不过这不重要,因为 ,我们会永远在一起《盗梦空间》
[心]love is when you take away the feeling, the passion, the romance, and you find out you still care for that person. ------ 爱情是:当感觉、热情和浪漫统统拿掉之後,你仍然珍惜对方。
many things because distant and beautiful, many things because of beautiful and distant. not because of distant and give up, just because going up and distant. 许多事因为遥远而美丽,许多事因为美丽而遥远,不是因为遥远而放弃,只是因为放弃而遥远。
love is like an hourglass, with the heart filling up as the brain empties.-----爱情就像沙漏,心满了,脑子就空了。
[太阳]three things in life when gone never come back: time, opportunity, and words. 人生有三样东西不可挽回:时间,机遇,以及说出去的话。
【实用烹饪词汇】1fry 油炸 2roast 烘烤(肉类 3bake 烘焙(面食类) 4grill 用(烤架)烤 5stew 焖 6simmer 炖 7steam 蒸 8knead 揉面 9mash 捣碎 10boil 煮熟 11mince/chop 绞碎 12dice 切小块 13shred 切丝 14 whip 搅拌 15grate 磨碎 16)toss 拌 17)drain 捞 18)shell 剥皮
success is getting what you want; happiness is wanting what you get.--- 成功意味着你得到你想要的,幸福则是你享受你得到的。
# if there is no cure for the pain,no shelter from the rain,you should not have fallen into love or gone into the cloud at first.no hope,no pain. --------如果没有治愈伤痛的办法,没有可以躲雨的屋檐,那么在最初就应该避免沉浸在爱中,避免走进这场大雨。心不动,则不痛。
happiness is a warm person looking for life; and i'm still waiting for you, but you have forgotten had been here; love so short, forgetting is so long. ------ 幸福,就是找一个温暖的人过一辈子;而我还在原地等你,你却已经忘记曾来过这里;爱那么短,遗忘那么长。
【各种的love】deep:深深的爱;chaste:贞洁的爱;devoted:专一的爱; loyal:忠诚的爱;tender:温柔的爱;sincere:真挚的爱;fervent:热烈的爱;burning:炽热的爱;intense:强烈的爱;wild:狂热的爱;at first sight:一见钟情;story:爱情故事;triangle:三角恋爱;affair:风流韵事。转发爱情好运!
don't go for looks; they can deceive. don't go for wealth; even that fades away. go for someone who makes your heart smile. 别倾心于容貌,因为它具有欺骗性;也别倾心于财富,因为它终究也会消散,倾心于那个能带给你真心笑容的人吧!
and not talk to suit together derived; and not for, can together; and not able to together will be together forever; and not always together will be happy. 并不是聊得来,就适合在一起;并不是适合,就能够在一起;并不是能够在一起就会永远在一起;也并不是永远在一起了就会幸福的。
every man is afraid of something. that's how you know he's in love with you; when he is afraid of losing you.----- 每个人都会害怕些什么,所以如果你发现一个男人很怕失去你,那是因为爱上你了。
it is a terrible thing to see and have no vision. - helen keller 只有视力没有视野很可怕、
to love is to risk not being loved in return. to hope is to risk pain. to try is to risk failure. but risk must be taken, cause the greatest hazard in life is to risk nothing. 爱也许没有回报,希望会带来伤痛,尝试可能会失败,但我们必须去承担风险,因为人生最大的风险在于没有风险可承担.
when the rain is blowing in your face, and the whole world is on your case, i could offer you a warm embrace, to make you feel my love. 每当雨打风吹,世人都在挑三说四的时候,我能给你的是一个温暖的怀抱,让你感受到我的爱。
i will be strong enough to make you feel bad。
我会坚强到让你们心疼。
[心]trust should be like the feeling of an one year old baby when you throw him in the air, he laughs.because he knows you will catch him. that's trust. ————信任就如同一个一岁小孩的感觉,当你将他扔向天空的时候他会笑,因为他知道你会接住他。这就是信任。
又见中国式标语。。。超级碰碰车。
active long will be very tired, care about for a long time will crash! 主动久了会很累,在乎久了会崩溃!
being happy doesn't mean that everything is perfect. it means that you've decided to look beyond the imperfections......开心不表示凡事都完美,那是说明你已经不再只看缺陷了
世上所有的事都有迹可寻,并能遵照此规律更好完成它,惟独爱情不是,在爱情中寻找规律,只能让爱变得庸俗不堪。
photo by basegrinder.music now by garou
it is not easy to meet each other in such a big world. 世界这么大,能遇见,不容易
if i could have anyone in the world, it would still be you.---纵然世间任我挑,我的选择仍是你。
if you love somebody, let them go. if they return, they were always yours. if they don't, they never were. 如果你真的爱上谁了,就放他走,如果他回来了,他永远是你的,如果没回来,他就从来未属于过你。
【经典双语】英语必懂简写:lol=laugh out loud哈哈 asl=age,sex,location年龄性别哪的 bbs=be back soon/brb=be right back马上回来 thx=thanks ur=your g2g=got to go得走了 ttyl=talk to you later等会聊 bbl=be back later等会回来 cya=cu=see you回见 ft=faint我晕 you rock你牛b
【微笑,2011】use your smile to change the world. don't let the world change your smile. 用你的笑容去改变这个世界,别让这个世界改变了你的笑容。
some people dream of success while others wake up and work hard at it. 有些人还在继续梦想成功时,另一些人却已经醒来努力为之奋斗了。
i know that life is not a fairy tale, and i’m not asking for a happy ending. all i’m asking is a real imperfect love story about you and me. 我知道,生活不是童话,所以我不求童话般的完美结局,只希望能拥有一个不完美但却真实的爱情故事。故事的主角,只有——你和我。
your life only lasts for a few decades, so be sure that you don't leave any regrets. laugh or cry as you like, and it‘s meaningless to oppress yourself——人生短短几十年,不要给自己留下了什么遗憾,想笑就笑,想哭就哭,该爱的时候就去爱,无谓压抑自己。
if you think you can win, you can win. faith is necessary to victory. 如果你觉得你会赢,那你就会赢,信念是取得胜利的必需品。
– william hazlitt
please remember: when the pain of holding on is greater than the pain of letting go, it's time to let go. 记住:当坚持之苦大过放弃之痛,就是该放手的时候了。
我很喜欢黄仁宇的叙事风格,正如一位老人坐在你面前,用沉稳的语调,将那些陈年旧事浮光掠影一一道来。他的笔墨饱含深情,很有感染力。更为重要的是:他说的是“我的大历史观”。历史,应该有多重面目。我更喜欢个人的、情绪化的读史心得。正统的历史观雄霸课本、广播、电视乃至网络。为尊者讳,为强者讳,为自尊心讳,为祖宗存在意义讳,单调的面孔,虚弱的自夸。这种粗暴的呐喊淹没了其它的声音。
据我的阅读,我们的大哲们总想走上层路线。自古道:学成文武艺,货与帝王家。为民生疾苦也好,为荣耀一生也罢,所谈所为所争所殉道的,都是围绕着权力。有权好办事。权力幻化成种种标志和生活形态,诸如:皇帝、王道、长老统治、圆滑世故总胜于开拓创新。民可使由之,不可使知之。愚民总是很容易对付,社会就这样维持着低级的稳定。非常恶心的思路!当我们的贤人们游走于山林之间,感叹生灵涂炭生不逢时的时候,请记住:他们悲哀的眼神始终是向上望着的。无非是渴望权力早日垂青,或者是郁郁不得志而终。而侥幸进入管理者行列的青年官僚们,首先面对的是:油盐酱醋、人情往来、明争暗斗、宦海沉浮。圣贤的理想的是如此单纯,又如此可爱。但相对于越来越复杂的人性和世界来说,单纯可称之为幼稚,可爱可称之为无用。于是,历史中,他们一次次奋起,又一次次沉沦。
假使张居正再多活几年,完成全国的土地丈量,赋税得以统一收取统一支配;假使戚继光幸运依旧,戚家军半现代化继续推行,甚至在对外扩张中维持现代化特性;假使万历象他的叔祖一样,戳破神秘色彩,继续玩弄文官集团;假使我们的李贽传经布道,弟子三千以图大事;帝国会繁荣,或者早日崩溃。你想壮士断腕,时间也不给机会。帝国被外来文化打趴下,然后窃喜:嘿,人家够哥们,送来了科技、思想以及全球化!谁和谁铁,谁的全球化?成熟的资本运作玩死你。
甭闹腾着大国梦了。大国不如大国民。国富民穷,您一样地玩完!
您能不能在义务教育方面搞点新花样,实行基础加分类教育。比如告诉大伙儿硫酸不能当饮料,同时让王二钻科学张三学技术李四上聋哑儿学校。普鲁士帝国国王弗里德里希·威廉一世早在1717年就颁布了一项《义务教育规定》。我欣赏这个混蛋。
您能不能别盯着最近一届奥运会金牌数量,为全民健身多造几个公园多划几块绿地,至少让小学生中学生多玩玩,少几副眼镜多几个欢实的孩子。据《重庆日报》报道,培养一个奥运冠军需要几千万。我还看到:长跑冠军艾冬梅卖金牌度日。您看把这个孩子培养的!
您能不能少播点清官剧宫廷戏。山呼万岁谨慎下跪,圣明的某人某组织之下,老百姓还明白自己长着脑袋吗?一脸鼻涕一把泪地感恩戴德,一声高呼一声血地呼天喊地,纳税人是衣食父母,法律是终审的裁判正义的天平,常识跑哪儿去啦?
您能不能让平民百姓多点说话的机会,学着文明争斗,共存共荣。刁民及刁民心态哪儿来的\'?懒汉政治,走走形式,不患寡而患不均,不患贫而患不安逼出来的。您给个机会,他们学着点:理性争食,文明度日,富的继续富,穷的不能再让他穷,多点儿娱乐精神,多点儿当家的机会。
群众不是孩子,谁也当不了奶妈。孩子大了,得自个儿学着走路。老裹着尿布,别影响人家发育。万一还是那些个简单思维,想造无脑儿,应该是不好办了。要知道,世界早就开放了,有奶的娘不只是一个了。
如果说我对黄仁宇老先生有点儿看法,那只有用这些稍微有些离题的废话来表达了。精英治国的思路太单纯了。更需要想想:精英如何与民众对流,台上的与台下的总需要有个动态的平衡。谁做统治者都不要紧,关键是被统治者如何控制影响统治者。游戏要大家来玩,首先要把每个人当人看。别再顾虑:汉奸、卖国贼、假药、毒大米、盗版、腐败、贫富差距、中国人的劣根性、矿难只有抽象的死亡人数等等了。别再埋怨!
如果硬要给黄老先生扣一个文不对题的帽子,我只好这么说:万历十五年,一个极其平常的年份,在黄老先生的讲述中,我看到了我们的祖先,我相信他们曾经真实地活着。然而,这份来之不易的记忆有可能给我们一个错觉:皇帝渴求圣明,文官集团如此勤勉,百姓如绵羊般温顺善良,间或有几个政治家军事家哲人闪耀在昏昏欲睡的历史舞台。这样的游戏看起来似乎并不坏。当然,相对于人生苦短,死在温柔乡比死于荒谬要好得多。
但是,当你睁眼看世界,看到了另一种优雅悠闲或腥臊火热的人生,或许你会大吼:“老子是人,老子可以这样活!”
《东周列国志》词曰:
道德三皇五帝,功名夏后商周;英雄五霸闹春秋,顷刻兴亡过手!
青史几行名姓,北邙无数荒丘;前人田地后人收,说甚龙争虎斗
Study the picture above carefully and write an essay entitled “The Adaptation of the Classical Literature”. In the essay, you should (1 describe the picture (2 interpret its meaning (3 give your opinion about the phenomenon. You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points?
The picture gives us a view of a popular phenomenon: the adaptation of the classics. Some classical literary works, such as our four great classics i.e. A Dream of Red Mansions, Journey to the West, The Romance of the Three Kingdoms and Heroes of the Marshes, are all adapted to cater to some readers’ tastes. The traditional characters become so strange and the plots are totally different. It is so ridiculous that the precious literary treasures are allowed to be ruined so much.
As we all know, the classical literature is the representation of the outstanding art of our nation. Some familiar characters such as Monkey King express the good wishes of our common people. From them, we learn many good virtues such as honesty, bravery, justice etc. However, in those adapted works named “Bantering***”or “Reboiling***”, all plots are changed and all characters become somewhat watered clown. Some readers interested in reading burlesque works have high praise for them. But they never think of the negative effects of such adaptations on the average reader, especially to children. Children are the future of the nation. They always believe that what is in the books is the truth. Those adapted works will affect their outlook on life.
Therefore, some measures should be taken to restrict these adaptations. The real classics should be presented on the bookshelves to lead people to appreciate the real art.
Study the two pictures above carefully and write an essay entitled “On Education of China” In the essay, you should (1 describe the pictures (2 interpret their meaning (3 give your opinion about the phenomenon .You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points
[参考范文]
The two pictures look so similar at one glance, but they are totally different. In the first picture, a peasant boy, carrying a heavy bundle of rice straw is out of breath under the great pressure. His hope is to have a school to attend. In the second picture, a student is on his way home from school, a heavy bag of books on his back. What he wishes is that he didn’t have to go to school any more. How can the two boys at the same age have such different ideas about attending school?
The two pictures show some problems in the present education system in China. In the poor countryside, especially in some western parts of China, the education is also poor. There are no buildings for classrooms, let alone good teachers. Children there cannot have regular education. They are sometimes forced to leave their studies because their families cannot afford the necessary fees. However, the situation is totally different in the cities. Almost all the children in the cities can have regular education. They can enjoy the bright classrooms and adequate facilities. But they have their own problems. What they face is the endless homework, which puts so much pressure on them that some students don’t want to continue their studies.
Given the problems above, our government has taken some measures. “The Hope Project” has been in operation to ensure that children in the poor areas can achieve education. Some strategies have also been put into force to reduce the pressure on the students. Teachers are asked not to give too much homework. Emphasis should be put on the improvement of the quality of the students. However, there is a long way to go in the improvement of our education conditions. The whole society should be mobilized to make some contributions to our education.
Study the picture above carefully and write an essay entitled “After Graduation” In the essay, you should (1describe the picture (2interpret its meaning (3give your opinion about the phenomenon. You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET2. (20 points
[参考范文]
Graduation is an important event for all of us. It is the divide between school and a full-time working life. After graduation, we are no longer students protected by parents and teachers, but a member of the real society. Let’s look at the picture first. A graduate is told by his teacher, “You must depend on yourself during your life journey after graduation…” He finds that some former graduates fly high into the sky while some experience a drastic fall.
The picture tells us a principle. Graduation is not the end of your education, but the beginning of your real journey. At school, we may find we are no different from our classmates. However, there will be a great gap between us after graduation. Some may try their best to improve themselves and become the mainstay of our ear era? While some are indulged in creature comforts and give up their initial ideals.
Therefore, we should remember that graduation is the beginning of our real life journey. If you want to be a person useful to society, you should make all efforts to learn as much as possible from others and improve yourself. In this way, you may fly high in the sky.
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