1。 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street。 Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast。 I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side。 But it was too late。 The car hit my bike and I fell off it。
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard。 On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover。 Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short。 What could he do? Then he had a good idea。
2。 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的\',这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3。 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4。 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things。 Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao。 It is really a beautiful city。 There are many places of interest to see。 But what impressed me most was the sunrise。
The next morning I got up early。 I was very happy because it was a fine day。 By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red。 In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing。 The sun was very red, not shining。 It rose slowly。 At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball。 At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright。
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5。 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something。 Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front。 I thought maybe someone was knocking the door。 I asked who it was but I heard no reply。 After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor。 I realized it was the cat。 I felt released。
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something。 "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front。 Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply。 After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor。 "It's you。" I said, quite released。
绿川幸是我最喜爱的日本漫画家之一。他的漫画作品大多以短篇为主,构思巧妙,因而拥有众多漫迷。
Through her works, my favorite one is Xiamuyourenzhang.
在她的作品中我最喜爱的一部是《夏目友人帐》。
The comic book mainly talks about that the hero Xiamuguizhi has a special ability to see the bogies. He is unsociable because his parents are dead. And he often lives in his relatives' home when he is a little boy and his friends at his age always tease him because he has a special ability. Although he experiences many unfortunate things, he is still very kind and without complaint at anyone. Eventually he is adopted by a couple who is very friendly and let him go to high school. One day, He is pursued by a bogie and hid in a shrine. He breaks a powerful bogie‘s seal whose name is Ban. And that involves her grandmother Xiamulingzi’s relics--a contract that sigh with the bogies. Since then, this powerful bogie turns itself into a cat in daily life to stay with Xiamu to protect him with the condition that Xiamu should give the contract to it after he die. But before that Xiamu decides to try his best to give the name in the contracts to the bogies and let them get free. Thus, a loving, touching, scary story is opened up.
《夏目友人帐》主要讲述了男主人公夏目贵志拥有可以看到妖怪的特殊能力。因为父母双亡他的性格较为孤僻,并且由于他具有特殊的能力,他常辗转在于亲戚之间并被同龄人欺负。虽然他经历了许多不幸,但他依旧有好善良没有埋怨任何人。最终他被有好善良的藤原夫妇收养并进入高中。有一天,他被妖怪追赶躲进神社,不小心打破了一只强大妖怪斑的封印。并牵涉到了他祖母夏目玲子的遗物—一本同妖怪签订的`契约书。之后,这只强大的妖怪平时便变成猫的样子待在夏目身边保护他,但是他的条件是夏目死后要把这本契约书给它。但在此之前夏目决定尽其所能把契约书上的名字还给妖怪们让它们得到自由。由此,一个个温馨、感人、惊险的故事就此展开。
In addition, yuki midorikawa has another special work called Yinghuozhisen is also really moving ,sad and beautiful. I suggest that you all can watch it when you have free time.
此外,绿川幸的另一部作品《萤火之森》同样十分治愈感人建议大家有空可以看看。
“乖乖啊,快快睡!睡了就不疼,明天我给你煮鸡蛋。”就在这寂静的深夜,她抱起我在院子中徘徊。夜虽然那么孤寂,那么凄清,但是它却是属于我和她的。在我记忆中,她的脸庞是那么美丽。
记得我刚上学那会,她像个小孩那么可爱。为了赶我去上学,她追着我在路上跑,追不上,就蹲在路边,用双手蒙住眼睛假装哭。这时我嘻嘻笑几声,不得不转身上学去。
也不知她哭到什么时候回的家。我们当初是多么单纯可爱啊。
与她分开的时候,我已经有十几岁了。
我透过车窗看着她远去的身影,没有流眼泪,只是感觉心里酸酸的、空空的。很快,离开她就两年了。学习再紧张,只要闲下来,我就会想起她。
我这一次回去,是因为她病了,我想跟她聊聊天。可是,当我迫不及待地见到她的那一刻,一股莫名的`心酸涌上心头,感觉她老了,又瘦又小。那张原本美丽的脸庞,变得那么憔悴。我的心很痛,使劲忍住眼泪。
我从她那勉强的笑容中,看到了她内心的激动和一脸的迷茫。我坐下来,反而不知道该说些什么….这次离开她时,已经是夜间。我眼睁睁地看着她,喉咙哽咽着,泪水肆无忌惮地往外流,心里好像在滴血,一滴又一滴……静静的车里,似乎听见了呼吸的声音。
我是她养大的。我的生母去世以后,感谢上帝赐予我和她一起生活的时光。她付出的真情真爱,在我心中种下了淳朴与善良。
她还来不及收获我对她的报答,便匆匆地离开了这个世界……虽然,在别人眼中她没名没分,但在我心里,她永远是我的妈妈。那些相濡以沫的日子,我将永远铭刻于心,我会把她的淳朴与善良发扬光大。
Last Sunday, Jim went out to fly a kite. The kite flew highly in the sky. Jim ran with it happily.
Suddenly the line was broken and the kite flew away. Soon it disappeared. Where was it?
Jim had no idea. So he had to run here and there to look for the kite. At last he saw it on the top of the tree. He tried to get it down. But he couldn’t. He felt sad.
绿川幸是我最喜爱的日本漫画家之一。他的漫画作品大多以短篇为主,构思巧妙,因而拥有众多漫迷。
Through her works, my favorite one is Xiamuyourenzhang.
在她的作品中我最喜爱的一部是《夏目友人帐》。
The comic book mainly talks about that the hero Xiamuguizhi has a special ability to see the bogies. He is unsociable because his parents are dead. And he often lives in his relatives' home when he is a little boy and his friends at his age always tease him because he has a special ability. Although he experiences many unfortunate things, he is still very kind and without complaint at anyone. Eventually he is adopted by a couple who is very friendly and let him go to high school. One day, He is pursued by a bogie and hid in a shrine. He breaks a powerful bogie‘s seal whose name is Ban. And that involves her grandmother Xiamulingzi’s relics--a contract that sigh with the bogies. Since then, this powerful bogie turns itself into a cat in daily life to stay with Xiamu to protect him with the condition that Xiamu should give the contract to it after he die. But before that Xiamu decides to try his best to give the name in the contracts to the bogies and let them get free. Thus, a loving, touching, scary story is opened up.
《夏目友人帐》主要讲述了男主人公夏目贵志拥有可以看到妖怪的特殊能力。因为父母双亡他的性格较为孤僻,并且由于他具有特殊的能力,他常辗转在于亲戚之间并被同龄人欺负。虽然他经历了许多不幸,但他依旧有好善良没有埋怨任何人。最终他被有好善良的藤原夫妇收养并进入高中。有一天,他被妖怪追赶躲进神社,不小心打破了一只强大妖怪斑的封印。并牵涉到了他祖母夏目玲子的\'遗物—一本同妖怪签订的契约书。之后,这只强大的妖怪平时便变成猫的样子待在夏目身边保护他,但是他的条件是夏目死后要把这本契约书给它。但在此之前夏目决定尽其所能把契约书上的名字还给妖怪们让它们得到自由。由此,一个个温馨、感人、惊险的故事就此展开。
In addition, yuki midorikawa has another special work called Yinghuozhisen is also really moving ,sad and beautiful. I suggest that you all can watch it when you have free time.
此外,绿川幸的另一部作品《萤火之森》同样十分治愈感人建议大家有空可以看看。
1。 头绪分明,脉络清楚
写好记叙文,首先要头绪分明,脉络清楚,明确文章要求写什么。要对所写的事件或人物进行分析,弄清事件发生、发展一直到结束的整个过程,然后再收集选取素材。这些素材都应该跟上述五个“ W ”和一个“ H ”有关。尽管不是每篇记叙文里都必须包括这些“ W ”和“ H ”,但动笔之前,围绕五个“ W ”和“ H ”进行构思是必不可少的。
2。 突出中心,详略得当
在文章的框架确定后,对支持故事的素材的选取是很关键的。选材要注意取舍,应该从表现文章主题的需要出发,分清主次,定好详略。要突出重点,详写细述那些能表现文章主题的重要情节,略写粗述那么非关键的次要情节。面面俱到反而使情节罗列化,使人不得要领。这一点是写好记叙文要解决的一个基本问题,也需要一定的技巧。如:
One night a man came to our house and told me, "There is a family with eight children。 They have not eaten for days。" I took some food with me and went。
When I finally came to that family, I saw the faces of those little children disfigured (破坏外貌) by hunger。 There was no sorrow or sadness in their faces, just the deep pain of hunger。
I gave the rice to the mother。 She divided the rice in two, and went out, carrying half the rice。 When she came back, I asked her, "Where did you go?" she gave me this simple answer, "To my neighbors — they are hungry also!"
3。 用活语言,准确生动
记叙文要用具体的事件和生动的语言对人、事、物加以叙述。一篇好的记叙文的语言既要准确、生动,又要表现力强,这样才能把人、事描写得具体生动,其可读性才强。试比较下面一篇例文修改的前后效果。
原文:
One day Xiaoqiang was wandering away。 He was soon lost among people and traffic。 He could not find the way back home and started crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by found him standing alone in front of a shop and crying。 They went up to Xiaoqiang and asked him what had happened。 Xiaoqiang told them how he got lost and where he lived。 The two students decided to take him home。 Mother was pleased to see Xiaoqiang come back safe and sound。 She invited the two students into the house and gave them some money, but they didn't take it。 She served them with tea but they left。
修改后:
The other day, five-year-old Xiaoqiang left home alone and wandered happily in the street。 After some time, he felt hungry so he wanted to go back home。 But he found he was lost among the crowded people and heavy traffic。 When he could not find the way home, he started and crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by from school found him sanding crying in front of a shop。 They immediately went up to him。
"Little boy, why are you standing here crying?" they asked。
"I want Mom, I go home。" said the boy, still crying。
"Don't worry, we'll send you home。"
And they spent the next two hours looking for the boy's house。 With the help of a policeman, they finally found it。
When the worried mother saw her son come back safe and sound, she was so thankful and she invited the students into her house。 Gratefully, she offered them some money, saying it was a way to express her thanks, but the young students firmly refused it and left without even a cup of tea。
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