周末,我来到玄武湖公园,毕竟这里是秋姑娘定下的地点。一进门,我的眼神就“唰”地一下漂移到了荷花上。它们此刻已经没有了夏日的.粉嫩,连同曾经碧绿的荷叶也一同低下了头,仿佛在反省自己的过错。走到湖边,望着那被绿藻淹没的岸边一角,我清晰地记得,在夏天这里还有小鱼、小螺蛳,可如今却不见了踪影,就像从来没有出现过一般。这一湖秋水因此而也显得倍加寂静。“也许这就是所谓“悲秋”的由来吧!”我缓缓地向公园深处走去。
林荫小道上,虽然同是秋,可这里的景致却与荷花池大大不同了。我跑到一丛灌木前,它已被染上了金黄色,与荷叶的土褐色形成了强烈的对比。有几片叶子从灌木上飘落,我不禁捡起一片叶子,细细观察起来:它有着锯齿状的边缘,细细的叶脉上微微泛起一丝亮丽的金黄。我将它轻轻地放入衣袋,经过季节更替的熏陶,它从春日那一片小小的嫩芽,变成了一件金黄的艺术品,这也许是秋姑娘赠与我的礼物之一吧!我抬起头来,整个林荫道也发生了变化——它从夏日的深绿变成了秋日的金黄。远远望去,仿佛通向世界的尽头。几片叶子从树上落下,在空中玩起了孙悟空的把戏,接连好几个后空翻,这才愿意与其它落叶同伴待在一起。看来秋也是有法力的魔法师啊!
秋,是寂静的;秋,是美丽的;秋,是充满情趣的。此刻,我正在拨弄着秋天的礼物,这令我忽然明白,也许,这本来就是秋姑娘这个可爱名字的来源吧!
嘘,别吵我,悄悄告诉你,其实秋姑娘邀我去与她玩耍呢!
Nowadays, many famous university campuses have become one of the popular tourist attractions. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that every year thousands and thousands of middle school students visit Tsing Hua University and Peking University and other famous universities in China. In the place far away from the capital city, the local students also visit the universities famous in their own province.
So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to open the university campus for tourists? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing for the students to visit the famous university campus in that it can enable the middle students to get more information about the university and they can have enough time and opportunity to prepare themselves with the chance to get into the university. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, the public tourism will have negative effect on the universities because it will not only do harm to the environment but also to the intellectual atmosphere.
In my opinion, the tourism to the universities is not a good thing. The campus is mainly a place for study. With the increasing tourism on the campus, it will ruin the spiritual atmosphere in this learning field.
首先,提纯范文 “谋篇布局”及结构模板。
第一段:提出问题或现象。Nowadays, … … have become one of the popular … …. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that … ….
第二段:正反列举人们的看法。So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to … …? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing for … … in that … …. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, … … will have negative effect on … … because it will not only do harm to … … but also to … ….
第三段:摆明自己观点。In my opinion, … … is not a good thing. … … With the increasing … …, it will ruin … ….
其次,提纯范文“段落写作”。
段落写作分为统一性,连贯性和完整性三方面。
统一性(unity:段落开头的主题句应该做到不可太宽泛,也不可太具体,做到有较强的概括性才能使下文做到有的放矢的展开。范文第二段首句以设问的方式提出一个问题is it a good or bad thing就有很强的概况性。下文自然会一方面从好的方面说明,另一方面从坏的方面说明。
连贯性(coherence:关联词是使文章段落之间相互连贯的必要条件。范文中nowadays, on one hand, on the other hand, in one’s opinion即以“启承转合”递进的顺序是文章条理清晰,层层展开。
完整性(completeness:以设问句“So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to open the university campus for tourists?”开头,这是平时较少运用的段落写作方式——设问法。“On one hand … …. On the other hand, … ….”是段落写作分类列举法的典型用法。
再次,提纯范文“句子写作”。
1. It has been shown that … …
类似句型:It is known to us that … …
It is said that … …
It is reported that … …
It is controversial that … …
2. “… … Tsing Hua University and Peking University and other famous universities … …。”——并列句。并列句是简单的复杂句。但其运用方法并不简单,注意练习并接句的使用,会使句子显的更加饱满。
3. enable v. 使…能够
I gave him full directions to enable him to find the house.
4. in that = because
表“因为”的连词还有since, for, as,如:
The boy was absent because he was ill. = The boy was absent since he was ill.
此句以我们常用的人称开头,句式简单,我们可以通过把since提前改变句式,如:
Since the boy was ill, he was absent. 句式多样化。
最后,提纯范文“措辞”。
1. attraction n. 具有吸引力的事情。
2. thousands and thousands 成千上万的
形容“多”的表达方法:millions and millions
a multitude of
a great deal of
a large amount of
plenty of
many a
3. “some people argued that … …”中的“argue”并不是“讨论,辩论”的意思,而是“认为”。
I argue that … …
I maintain that … …
I claim that … …
I insist that … … = I think that … …
I hold that … …
I assert that … …
I assume that … …
4. negative adj. 否定的.,相反的
hold negative view = hold opposite opinions
5. phenomenon n. 现象
social phenomenon 社会现象
natural phenomenon 自然现象
6. intellectual adj. 聪明的= intelligent, bright, clever
(选词策略:使用最近所学的单词,如intellectual > intelligent > bright > clever
在分析并掌握范文之后,我们需要运用范文知识练习仿写。笔者运用2005年12月范文中的模板结构仿写了2006年12月的四级作文,以供参考:
1. 许多人喜欢在除夕夜看春节晚会
2. 但有些人提出取消春节晚会
3. 我的看法
Nowadays, the Spring Festival Evening has become one of the popular topic and attractions during every traditional New Year’s Eve. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that every year thousands and thousands of Chinese people appear to be accustomed to enjoying the sights and sounds of a brilliant feast, while gathering with their beloved family.
However, an increasing number of people have voiced different opinions towards it. So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to cancel the Spring Festival Evening? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing to amuse the audience in that it is composed by a numerous adequate programs, such as the emotional song, the graceful dance, the funny short sketch, the amusing comic dialogue, the delightful magic, and the marvelous acrobatics and so on. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, the Spring Festival Evening will have negative effect on the family harmony because it will not only do harm to having the talks between family members on the Spring Festival Eve but also to enjoying the gourmet meal in a fancy restaurant.
In my opinion, the Spring Festival Evening is a good thing. It may not remain a must for all people, but it can bring us a strong sense of festivity and serve as an alternative among the variety of holiday activities. With the increasing audience of the Spring Festival Evening, it will ruin a distinctive culture during the Spring Festival vacation.
Dear Professor Wang,
亲爱的王老师:
On behalf of the Student Union of the English Department, I'm writing to invite you to give us a speech on Chinese History.
我代表学生会和英语角写信给你邀请你给我们做一个关于中国历史的`演讲。
We're going to have such a speech at 2:30 p.m. this Tuesday afternoon in the Meeting Room 401. It would be great honor if you can join in our activity
我们打算在401会议室星期二下午2:30开这个演讲。如果你能来参加我们的活动将是我们莫大的荣幸
Please inform us whether you could come. We're looking forward to favorable answer.
请告知我们你是否会来。我们期待肯定的答复
Sincerely yours,
Jimmy
吉米
这本书的作者JonWitt认为:社会学旨在对这两个问题提供答案。尽管其他学科也试图做出回答,但社会学提供的分析视角,既有更大的包容性,又有更大的密切性。
这本《社会学的邀请》面向普罗大众,提供了全景看社会和聚焦于社会上的人的视角,进而对人与社会的关系,差异化的后果进行细致的分析,让我们了解:我们的行为如何塑造了我们周围的世界,而我们又是如何被我们生活其中的世界所塑造的。
他期望我们接触过社会学之后,不再以以前的方式去看这个世界,并期望它能改变我们关于我是谁及应如何去做的认识。进一步说,这本书能为我们提供一种工具,让我们走出原来的生活世界,发挥自己的能动性,建立一个更美好的家园。
而我从这本书里学到了三点:
这本书从家庭、教育、宗教三个维度来阐述文化和结构对我们的影响。
对于家庭而言,现代社会最大的改变就是,工作已经脱离家庭转入公共经济领域,学校取代了家庭发挥越来越重要的社会化角色作用。现在,家庭正在变得日益私人化。
从社会学的角度来说,更关注家庭的功能而不是家庭是什么来定义家庭。建立在爱情和情感基础上的后现代家庭,有别于历史上的制度家庭、伙伴家庭,承载着两个主要的功能:社会联络功能和个人需要功能。社会联络功能涉及家庭和社会的关系:我们通过家庭传承社会地位,和谁组建新的家庭,在家庭中学会语言、与人交往甚至基础的生活技能。例如,不同家庭类型的人,对于“长大后我想成为怎样的人”而不同。非洲酋长家的孩子也许是做个好的酋长,家族企业的继承人更大概率去考虑如何运营企业,而普通家庭的孩子,则是在思考“如何找个好工作”。
而个人需要功能包括家庭成员的生理需要和情感需要。历史上,存在过通过多生孩子来提高家庭生产力,从而得到更多的生活用品。而现代,家庭已经能够满足我们的基础需要,并且生孩子在时间和金钱上的花费,越来越高昂,正如我们所看到的,发达国家的生育率越来越低。
像我们父母一辈的,很少将家庭事务如带孩子、清洁卫生、收拾屋子外包,家庭甚至通过像一起聚餐、一起打扫卫生来实现家庭情感的沟通。而后现代社会,由于工作日益影响家庭生活的投入,我们不得不面临很多的问题:如何兼顾工作和家庭。因此,我们看到组织家庭的方式都在发生剧变,而这一切都是不可避免。
教育更是影响我们的机会和选择。作者作为一个大学教授,直言不讳的指出:教育能力可以克制资源获取上的差异,同时也掩盖了我们丧失机会的程度,并由此帮助维持了现状。简单的说,从小沉浸在大学教授家庭的孩子比普通家庭里的孩子更容易理解认知策略中的概率论。
Dear Ms.Smith,
I'm Li Hua,Chair of the Student Union of Yucai Middle School,which is close to your university.I'm writing to invite you to be a judge at our English speech contest to be held in our school on June 15. It will start at 2:00 pm and last for about three hours. Ten students will deliver their speeches on the given topic "Man and Nature".We hope that you will accpet our invitation if it is convenient for you.please call me at 44876655 if you have any questions. I am looking forward to your reply.
With best wishes,
Li Hua
作者认为,社会学要求我们放眼全世界的同时,要思考这样的问题:我们如何行动可以让世界变得更美好?他主张用实践智慧的视角,从社会方面去阐释价值和实践之间的矛盾。一旦我们对差异性的后果,不平等的模式和原则与实践有所了解,我们有责任有所作为。
我们可以用社会学的工具来帮助我们和我们身处的世界展开对话,求同存异,看到我们的盲点。虽然在这里包含了很多我们不想面对的现实,例如由物资资源、社会资源、文化资源分配而形成的社会阶级将影响我们的行动、机会和选择。但是,拒不承认生活的.污点,就是一种掩耳盗铃,将我们的社会现实隐藏在虚伪的共性之下。
电影《美国丽人》中,郊区后现代中产阶级家庭中,母亲对女儿说:“你已经长大了,你应该学习人生中最重要的一课:你不能指望人和人,除了你自己。”我们想要相信我们是自己的救世主,这会赋予我们所渴望的控制力,会让我们成为自己命运的主宰者。
但是社会学的一个基本观点是:我们每个人都很脆弱,都需要依赖他人,都很贫困。每个人除了依靠他人别无选择。想一想,我们真的仅仅是我吗?我们的经历,我们的朋友,我们共同遵守的社会规则。
在社会学意义上,“自我”这一概念超出了人的身体所包含的东西。它包括社会纽带关系。我们的性别、出身地、毕业的学校,认识的人,拥有的技能,性情,等等,把我从我与他人的关系中分离出来,是很困难的。我们的行动不仅仅受自我意愿的影响,还受“我们假想的他人的一组态度”的影响。甚至我们从孩童发展为一个社会人的过程中,就是用社会规则来限制我们的行为。我们身处的阶级(即物质资源、社会资源、文化资源的分配情况)决定了我们为什么会这样想,为什么会这样做。只有意识到这一点,我们才能去理解:“我们为什么会这样想”
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