1。Whereas
该词意为:considering that, “鉴于”,“就(而论”,常用于合同协议书的开头段落以引出合同双方订立合同的理由或依据。如:Whereas Party A desires to use the Patented Technology of Party B to manufacture and sell the Contract Products……鉴于甲方希望利用乙方的专利技术制造并销售合同产品。
2。Whereby
该词意为:by the agreement, by the following terms and conditions,“凭此协议”,“凭此条款”,常用于合同协议书中以引出合同当事人应承担的主要合同义务。如:
A sales contract refers to a contract whereby the seller transfers the ownership of an object to the buyer and the buyer pays the price for the object。 句中a contract whereby the seller transfers……意为:a contract by which the seller transfers……
以上是对外经贸合同英语中几个典型旧体词用词方面的重要的特点,笔者希望初涉外经贸合同的教师和学生予以留意,有针对性地学习,达到事半功倍的效果;也希望进行外贸合同写作时也能把握住这几个特点,写出好的外经贸合同,顺利地进行外贸业务往来。
1。hereby
该词意为by means of , by reason of this, by this agreement,“特此”,“因此”,“兹”,“在此”。此词常用作法律、经贸文件、合同、协议书等正式文件的开头语,在合同条款中需特别强调时也可用,表示当事人借此合约,要宣示某种具有法律效力的“意思表示”,如保证、同意、放弃权利等,一般放于主语后,紧邻主语。如:The Company hereby covenants and warrants that…… 意为:By this agreement the Company covenants and warrants that……即:公司在此保证……再如:Both parties hereby agree that……意为:By this agreement both parties agree that……即:双方当事人在此同意……
2。hereof
该词意为:of this agreement,“关于此点”;“在本文件中”,表示上文已提及的“本合同的、本文件的……”,一般置于要修饰的名词的后面,与之紧邻。如:to take effect on the date hereof 意为:to take effect on the date of this agreement 即:于本合约之日期生效。再如:the headings of the sections hereof 意为:the headings of the sections of this agreement 即:本合约各条款之标题。
3。hereto
该词意为:to this agreement,“至此”,“在此”,表示上文已提及的“本合同的……本文件的……”,一般置于要修饰的`名词的后面,与之紧邻。如:both parties hereto 意为both parties to this agreement,即本合约之当事人双方;items specified in Attachment I and hereto 意为:items specified in Attachment I to this agreement 即:本合约之附件I所列之各项。
4。herein
该词意为:in this agreement,“此中”,“于此”,表示上文已提及的“本合同(中)的……,本法(中)的……”等,一般置于所修饰词后,紧邻所修饰词。如:to file a suit in the court agreed to herein 意为:to file a suit in the court agreed to in this agreement 即:向当事人于本合约中同意管辖的法院提起诉讼;再如:to follow the terms and conditions herein 意为:to follow the terms and conditions in this agreement,即:遵守本合约所规定的条件。
5。hereinafter
该词意为:later in the same Contract,“以下”,“在下文”,一般与to be referred to as, referred to as, called 等词组连用,以避免重复。
6。hereunder
该词意为:under this agreement,“在本合约内”、“依据本合约”。如:obligations hereunder,意为obligations under this agreement,即“本合约内的义务”。再如:rights granted hereunder,意为rights granted under this agreement,即“依本合约所赋予的权利”。
Smoking is a bad habit that does harm to smoker and others. Many kinds of diseases and cancers are caused by smoking, such as tracheitis, lung cancer and many other diseases. Recent years, there are tens of thousands of people dying of smoking. But there still are many people enjoying smoking, because they think smoking is a kind of fashion and smoking is so cool, especially among teenagers. In addition, smoking does harm to others as well. Second hand smoking has been recognized harmful to other people. Even worse, it may cause more damages. Therefore, people should remember that smoking is harmful to others and those people who smokes should give up smoking as soon as possible.
吸烟是个坏习惯,它对吸烟者和别人都有害。很多疾病和癌症是有吸烟引起的,比如说气管炎,肺癌还有很多其他疾病。近年来,成千上万的人死于吸烟。但是仍然有很多人喜欢吸烟,因为他们认为吸烟是一种时尚,很酷,特别是青少年。另外,吸烟也会对别人有害。二手烟是公认的对别人有害的。更糟糕的是,它会带来更多伤害。因此,人们应该牢记吸烟有害他人,那些吸烟的人应该尽可能戒烟。
Today smoking is a widespread habit ali over the world. Not only the old, the youth, but also middle school students have been engaged in smoking. Many of them think that smoking is a smart symbol.
However, smoking is harmful to one's health. It contributes a lot of lung cancer, from which many people have died in the past years. It can also cause many other diseases. In a word, if you smoke, you do have a much greater chance of losing your health. Furthermore, scientific research shows that smoking is not only harmful to smokers themselves, but also a threat to public health, especially to women and children. Therefore, many countries have made laws forbidding smokers to smoke m public places such as cinemas, stations, hospitals, and so on Giveup smoking! If you don't smoke, don't start. Give upsmoking for the sake of your health, for the sake of your family, and for the sake of the whole world.
当今吸烟是一个世界范围内的习惯。不仅是老人,青年,而且中学生都吸烟。他们中的许多人认为吸烟是一种潇洒的象征。
然而,吸烟有害人的健康。它会引起肺癌,其中许多人在过去的一年都死去了。它还可以造成许多其他疾病。总之,如果你吸烟,你有更大的机会失去你的健康。此外,科学研究显示,吸烟不仅对吸烟者有害,而且对公众健康构成威胁,尤其是对妇女和儿童。因此,许多国家都制定了法律禁止吸烟如电影院,车站,医院等公共场所禁止吸烟,如果你不抽烟,不要开始。戒烟吧,为了你的健康,为了你的家庭,和世界。
当今世界,网上的信息动态发生着日新月异的`变化,各式各样的信息资料极为丰富,我们可以利用这些信息很好地为自己服务。例如,当我在学校学习有关法布尔的文章时,我就通过上网,了解到了法布尔耗尽一生光阴来观察研究昆虫,它专为昆虫写出了十卷大部头的书;知道了螳螂求食的方法,松树金龟家族、意大利的蟋蟀家族,通过网络,我对法布尔的《昆虫记》有了更深的了解。 还有,今年寒假里,妈妈所在的学校居然布置了好多篇论文,着急的妈妈像热锅上的蚂蚁,这时,我灵机一动,上网一搜,马上出现了很多适合妈妈的教案和论文,我粘贴到写字板上,再经妈妈改进,一片片教案和论文便迎刃而解。通过网络,我帮助妈妈消除了一个心头大患。 健康的上网带给了我知识,带给了我快乐,也带给了我便捷。可是不良的上网,却会带给人们痛苦,带给社会危害。 有的人沉迷网络,花费学业;有的人把虚拟世界的格斗带到现实生活中,构成犯罪;有的人通过网络诈骗感情、钱财,给社会带来了极大的危害,还有些学生,晚上在网吧“快乐上网”,白天在课堂上呼呼大睡。
网络是把双刃剑,健康的上网能使我们开阔眼界,轻松快乐,不良的上网却使人身心疲惫,无所适从。我强烈呼吁大家健康上网!
1。thereof
以”there”为前缀加上介词构成的词,如thereafter, thereby, therein, thereinafter, thereinbefore, thereon, thereof, thereunder, thereupon, therewith等,在文中具体指什么,需要读者依照合同的上下文来判断,因而理解起来比较复杂,请看下例:
This Agreement is written in the English language。 In case of any discrepancy between the English version and any translation thereof, the English text shall govern。 句中”the English version and any translation thereof”从上下文判断意为 “the English version and any translation of the English version”,即thereof一词代替of the English version。与以here开头的词如hereof的理解方法类似。
2。therein
该词意为in that, in that particular
context, in that respect,“在那里”,“在那点上”,“在那方面”,表示上文已提及的“合同中的”“工程中的”。如:the contract or any part thereof意为the contract or any part of the contract,合同或合同的任何部分。
3。thereto
该词意为:to that,“随附”,“附之”,如:“Contract Products” means the products specified in Appendix 2 to this Contract, together with all improvements and modifications thereof or developments with respect thereto。 句中or developments with respect thereto 意为:or developments with respect to the developments。
4。thereunder
该词意为:under that, “在其下”,“依照”,如:The Borrower fails to pay any amount payable thereunder as and when such amount shall become payable。 句中any amount payable thereunder意为any amount payable under the contract。
影片讲的是:王府井获得一只有法术的乌龟,他利用佳佳龟的这一点来考虑自身的规定。另我非常刻骨铭心的是:王府井为了更好地选上优秀生而有意在大街上扶叔叔阿姨过马路,好让警察叔叔看到给他们写夸奖书。学生们也以欢呼声夸奖了王府井的诚信和英勇。一定要诚信,要英勇的承认错误。冯玉祥还说过一句话:对人以诚实守信,人不欺我;对是以诚实守信,事莫不成。
便说李珊珊吧!那一天,杨老师为了更好地帮邱日东找到偷钱的真凶,来啦一个大搜索。在找到李珊珊时,她的异常行为让同学们与老师猜疑。教师把李姗姗叫来到公司办公室,那件事拖累了诸多的有关工作人员:邱日东、赵欣、她亲姐姐。那时候的情况是那样的:李姗姗跟教师说谎说:那二十元钱是在商场大门口捡的,也没有偷钱。可在教师的万般逼问下她也不愿讲出事儿的实情。杨老师只能施展最终的方法了,她把李珊珊的妈妈叫来啦,杨老师对她妈妈述说刚的情况。在干万一样的审问下,事儿总算拥有完美的结局。让彼此都是会有益。李珊珊尽管沒有偷钱,可是最终她偷钱便是不太好,她应当向王府井学习培训诚信,能英勇的应对。
高尔基也说过:走刚正不阿,诚信的生活道路,一定会有一个无愧于心的归处。对啊,诚信是宝贵的,即使有再多,在颇具的钱也买不回家。殊不知,自身的心里便会出現一个小黑点,心里也会很内疚,从此挽不回家了。
我和同学们一起去看过一部电影,叫《乌龟也上网》。
里面有一个叫王府井的男孩子,由于在班队课上迟到了,所以意外的得到了这只神奇的小乌龟。这只乌龟叫佳佳龟。它可以让王府井实现十个三分钟的小愿望,但是王府井许了很多没用的愿望,放弃了许多机会,只有到了后来,才真正利用,帮助了别人,就是那十个愿望的最后一个愿望,是王府井帮助了一位盲人叔叔,让她重见光明,见到了自己未见过的小女儿,可是有点遗憾,没有看清楚,三分钟的时间就到了。从中我知道了王府井是一个善良的男汉字,因为没让盲人叔叔看清自己的女儿,所以在家里哭。这里就体现出王府井是善良的孩子。
另外,我最喜欢佳佳龟说的最后一句话:“路就在你的脚下,前途是靠自己走出来的。”是啊,如果你在哪一门学科上下功夫,你就会变陈哪一门学科的.专家。
世界上没有一点魔法,只有自己努力的成果。就像电影中播放中彩票的那件事,佳佳龟根本没有帮助王府井中彩,可他们还是中奖了,而且还是一等奖呢!我非常佩服王府井那诚实的表现。
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