在教育多元化的今天,我国语文课程体系倡导大视野,一方面要求提升学生的人文素养和审美意识,另一方面要求教育从业者树立大语文教育观,改变语文课堂教学封闭、气氛呆板的现象,构建一个开放又充满活力的课堂。
一、 根植生活,培养学生的自主探索意识
开放的师生互动语文课堂,需要教师和学生良性沟通和互动,教师不唯为准,不唯标准答案为准,而是引导学生自主探索,自主思考,踊跃发言,对于学生认知上的误区给予指正。实践出真知,来源于生活本真的东西才是记忆最深刻、印象最深刻的知识。作为教师,就是要鼓励学生到生活中去发现美,感受美。
就冰心的《只拣儿童多处行》一文而言,由于现在学生生活空间窄小,对于文章中所描写的“花也和儿童一样,在春天的感召下,欢畅活泼地,以旺盛的生命力,舒展出新鲜美丽的四肢,使出浑身解数,这时候,自己感到快乐,别人看着也快乐”没有亲身体验,以致由此带来的感悟就理解不透。春回大地之际,教师可以带领学生走出教室,到郊野踏青,让学生真切地感受到春暖花开的意境,用自己的眼睛去发现春之美;让学生在郊外尽情追逐,嬉戏,享受阳光,享受快乐。教师可以把这幅美好、快乐的画面拍下来,在课堂上相互传阅。这样,学生对文章所涉及的词句,以及含义深刻的意境才能读懂,读透,真正理解“花儿和儿童一样”的道理。
二、 活跃课堂,提高学生的阅读兴趣和鉴赏能力
“没有规矩不成方圆”,教学是一项有目的、有计划的活动,开放的课堂和预设的教学计划并不冲突,有时恰到好处的“离题”甚至能为课堂增色不少。因此,语文教师在备课的时候,不能拘泥于课本,写好教案然后“满堂灌”,而应该根据教学进度和课堂气氛,进行灵活教学,适当穿插古今中外的历史人文知识,鼓励学生自由思考,即兴表达。
小学语文课本上有很多寓言故事,对于寓言故事的解读,正如“有一千个读者,就有一千个哈姆雷特”,每个人都可以从中悟出不一样的道理。就《狐狸和乌鸦》一文而言,有些学生可能会喜欢狐狸,因为狐狸很机灵,它通过夸赞乌鸦有美丽的歌喉来让乌鸦开口唱歌,从而获得了乌鸦嘴里的肉。有些学生可能会讨厌狐狸,认为狐狸花言巧语,只会使小聪明,认为它不劳而获的行为不可取。类似的还有《狐假虎威》一文,教师应该倡导学生各抒己见,而不是给出标准答案,禁锢学生的思维。农夫与蛇、郑人买履、乌鸦喝水等故事都在建构学生的价值观上影响深远,教师在学生的认知不与“真善美”偏离的前提下,理应鼓励学生多方面解读,让他们自由思考,自由表达。
叶老说过,说明文“是传授知识的文字”。美国教育家布鲁纳指出:“学习的最好刺激是对所学教材的兴趣。”根据说明文具有知识性强和中学生正处于求知欲旺盛期的特点,教师只要充分利用和挖掘现成教材中的趣味因素,一定会激发和培养学生的学习兴趣的。例如第三册中,《松鼠》、《动物尾巴的功能》,文字活泼,生动有趣;《沙漠里的奇怪现象》、《北京亚运村》,有利于激发学生强烈的求知欲;《中国石拱桥》、《祖国的大豆》文情并茂,既富有知识性,又饱含强烈的爱国激情。
to prevent H7N9 we should know some common sense. First of all, it is important for us to prevent H7N9 from ourselves. For example, clean our hands frequently.
Sencondly, do more exercises. Such as running. Lastly, change our diet to keep balence. For example, eat more types of vegetables and drink more water
Nowadays, many famous university campuses have become one of the popular tourist attractions. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that every year thousands and thousands of middle school students visit Tsing Hua University and Peking University and other famous universities in China. In the place far away from the capital city, the local students also visit the universities famous in their own province.
So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to open the university campus for tourists? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing for the students to visit the famous university campus in that it can enable the middle students to get more information about the university and they can have enough time and opportunity to prepare themselves with the chance to get into the university. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, the public tourism will have negative effect on the universities because it will not only do harm to the environment but also to the intellectual atmosphere.
In my opinion, the tourism to the universities is not a good thing. The campus is mainly a place for study. With the increasing tourism on the campus, it will ruin the spiritual atmosphere in this learning field.
首先,提纯范文 “谋篇布局”及结构模板。
第一段:提出问题或现象。Nowadays, … … have become one of the popular … …. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that … ….
第二段:正反列举人们的看法。So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to … …? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing for … … in that … …. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, … … will have negative effect on … … because it will not only do harm to … … but also to … ….
第三段:摆明自己观点。In my opinion, … … is not a good thing. … … With the increasing … …, it will ruin … ….
其次,提纯范文“段落写作”。
段落写作分为统一性,连贯性和完整性三方面。
统一性(unity:段落开头的主题句应该做到不可太宽泛,也不可太具体,做到有较强的概括性才能使下文做到有的放矢的展开。范文第二段首句以设问的方式提出一个问题is it a good or bad thing就有很强的概况性。下文自然会一方面从好的方面说明,另一方面从坏的方面说明。
连贯性(coherence:关联词是使文章段落之间相互连贯的必要条件。范文中nowadays, on one hand, on the other hand, in one’s opinion即以“启承转合”递进的顺序是文章条理清晰,层层展开。
完整性(completeness:以设问句“So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to open the university campus for tourists?”开头,这是平时较少运用的段落写作方式——设问法。“On one hand … …. On the other hand, … ….”是段落写作分类列举法的典型用法。
再次,提纯范文“句子写作”。
1. It has been shown that … …
类似句型:It is known to us that … …
It is said that … …
It is reported that … …
It is controversial that … …
2. “… … Tsing Hua University and Peking University and other famous universities … …。”——并列句。并列句是简单的复杂句。但其运用方法并不简单,注意练习并接句的使用,会使句子显的更加饱满。
3. enable v. 使…能够
I gave him full directions to enable him to find the house.
4. in that = because
表“因为”的连词还有since, for, as,如:
The boy was absent because he was ill. = The boy was absent since he was ill.
此句以我们常用的人称开头,句式简单,我们可以通过把since提前改变句式,如:
Since the boy was ill, he was absent. 句式多样化。
最后,提纯范文“措辞”。
1. attraction n. 具有吸引力的事情。
2. thousands and thousands 成千上万的
形容“多”的表达方法:millions and millions
a multitude of
a great deal of
a large amount of
plenty of
many a
3. “some people argued that … …”中的“argue”并不是“讨论,辩论”的意思,而是“认为”。
I argue that … …
I maintain that … …
I claim that … …
I insist that … … = I think that … …
I hold that … …
I assert that … …
I assume that … …
4. negative adj. 否定的.,相反的
hold negative view = hold opposite opinions
5. phenomenon n. 现象
social phenomenon 社会现象
natural phenomenon 自然现象
6. intellectual adj. 聪明的= intelligent, bright, clever
(选词策略:使用最近所学的单词,如intellectual > intelligent > bright > clever
在分析并掌握范文之后,我们需要运用范文知识练习仿写。笔者运用2005年12月范文中的模板结构仿写了2006年12月的四级作文,以供参考:
1. 许多人喜欢在除夕夜看春节晚会
2. 但有些人提出取消春节晚会
3. 我的看法
Nowadays, the Spring Festival Evening has become one of the popular topic and attractions during every traditional New Year’s Eve. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that every year thousands and thousands of Chinese people appear to be accustomed to enjoying the sights and sounds of a brilliant feast, while gathering with their beloved family.
However, an increasing number of people have voiced different opinions towards it. So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to cancel the Spring Festival Evening? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing to amuse the audience in that it is composed by a numerous adequate programs, such as the emotional song, the graceful dance, the funny short sketch, the amusing comic dialogue, the delightful magic, and the marvelous acrobatics and so on. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, the Spring Festival Evening will have negative effect on the family harmony because it will not only do harm to having the talks between family members on the Spring Festival Eve but also to enjoying the gourmet meal in a fancy restaurant.
In my opinion, the Spring Festival Evening is a good thing. It may not remain a must for all people, but it can bring us a strong sense of festivity and serve as an alternative among the variety of holiday activities. With the increasing audience of the Spring Festival Evening, it will ruin a distinctive culture during the Spring Festival vacation.
“以情动情”是教育的共同规律。教师的情感对学生来说,是导体,是火种。教师首先要善于将自己对教材的感受及情感,体验传导给学生,让学生爱读说明文。俗话说:“树倒猴群散。”如果教师自己都厌教,那么,怎么谈得上学生“学海无涯乐作舟”呢?
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