2.1. 物质过程(Material Process)
通俗来说,物质过程即为“做”的'过程,是外部经验的再现,也是某事被完成的过程。物质过程一般由行为动词,动作者(Actor)和目标(Goal)组成。动作者是行为的发出者,如句子 “She cooks for the children on the stove”中的“she”。而目标含指向性,表示某行为或动作的承受者,如“onetuner and handle 1,000 pianos a year”中的“1000 pianos”。值得注意的是,物质过程并非纯指具体的物理动作,它也可是抽象的,如句子 “ he learned fast”.
2.2 心理过程(Mental Process)
心理过程表达的是人所感,所想,所思等心理活动的过程,一般有两个参与者,一个是心理活动的感觉主体即“感觉者”(senser),另一个是被感知的客体即“现象”(phenomenon)。与物质过程不同的是,心理过程的参与者之一是可感觉,反应和认知的人,如“Tom dislikes her ‘special’ pumpkin pie intensely”中的“Tom”。通过修辞手法被赋予意识和感知功能的物也可作为 “感觉者”,如“it”在句子“it (money) pleasured grandpa to put a few golden Indian heads onhis vest”中的作用。
2.3 关系过程(Relational Process)
关系过程表达的是“是”的关系,即具有某种联系的物,人,情形或事件之间的关系,或指某一物的属性,特点或所处状态等,大致可分为两种模式:修饰型(attributive)和认同型(identifying)。修饰型包含两个参与者,载体(carrier)即含有某种属性的实体,属性(attribute),即对载体的限定功能语法,在例句“one of the wise Men was educational in the highestsense...”中,“one of the wise Men”是载体,“educational”是属性。认同型则包含被认同者(identified)和认同者(identifier),如“The shcoolhouse is a two-room frame buiding”,“the schoolhouse”是被认同者,“a two-room frame building”是认同者。
2.4 行为过程(Behavioral Process)
行为过程指的是各种生理或心理行为,如呼吸,咳嗽,微笑,哭泣,做梦等。行为过程只有一个参与者,通常为人的行为者(behaver),例如“in thecountry he sleeps better at night”,“the pupilssit still at their desks in class”。某些情况下,行为过程与物质和心理过程的界限并不明显,因为行为者作为意识体与感觉者非常相似,而行为者发出的动作类似于物质过程中的“做”。
2.5 言语过程(Verbal Process)
言语过程是通过语言交换信息的过程,广义上来说就是“说”的过程,通常用到的动词有say,tell,talk,praise,describe等,如“he may proclaim his ownvirtue or skill”。言语过程的主要参与者有说话者(sayer),听话者(receiver),以及言语内容(verbiage)。 说话者可以是任何能表达某种信息的物体,并不一定要求具有意识性,如 “the book tells of one soldier who survived”。
2.6 存在过程(Existential Process)
存在过程表达的是某物或人存在的情况,通常只有一个参与者,即存在物(existent)。典型的存在过程如“thereis no supervised play”,或含表存在的动词,exist,remain,come about,happen等等。
Hi! Boys and girls! My name is kelly,I am 12 years old. I am a student. I study at XiShan Primary School.I am in Class 1,Grade 5.I have three good teachers. They are Mr Lai, Miss Huang and Miss Lu.
My chinese teacher is Miss Huang. She is beautiful. She wears glasses. She always helps us study and.Music is her favourite. Eevrybody likes her because she has a kind heart.
Miss Lu is our math teacher. She,s very active and smart. She has tress. She,s young and pretty. She,svery strict,but kind. Her class is so much fun.My favourite teacher is Mr Lai. He is our English teacher. He has two small eyes and big mouth. He wears a pair of glasses, too. Because he is a university student. He,s very humoar. He speaks English very well.we like him so much.They are my teachers. Do you like them?
Thank you
要求:1、主题明确。语言流畅。思路清晰。2、字数在100字以内。
思路点拨
写记叙文要按照事物发展的客观规律叙述,所叙述的内容要交代清楚,条理清晰,重点突出,主次分明,详略得当。
这篇文章也是记叙文,主人公应该用第三人称,时态以一般过去时为主。以主人公为中心线索,以一、两件事件为重点内事件为重点内容去组织材料,反映主人公的形象特征。整个内容情节要合情合理,有真实感,叙述时可按事情发展的顺序进行,同时加以点评。
参考范文
My Classmate
Liu Kai is my classmate. He is a good student and always ready to help others.
One day on his way to school, he saw a little girl crossing the road. A car was coming towards her quickly and the girl was too frightened to move. The car nearly hit her. Just then LiuKai rushed up to her and caught her by the arm. The little girl was saved. She told him where she lived, and he took her home. When LiuKai hurried into the classroom, the teacher had already begun his lesson. He told the teacher why he was late. He was then praised for what he had done.
I was born in a beautiful town with high mountains around it.The mountains are covered with all kinds of green bamboo.Through the town runs a small stream.It’s said that a new railway is going to be built to the east of the town and a bamboo factory to the west.All the children of the school age can go to school.If anyone is ill,he can go to see the doctor in the newly-built hospital.People in the town are hard-working and never take the backwardness lying down.Though they are having a richer and better life,they are not satisfied with what they have got.They are working hard to build their town into a modern one.
[1]Halliday,M. A. K.Language as Social Semiotic[M]. London: Arnold,1978.
[2]胡壮麟,姜望其.语言学教程[M]. 北京大学出版社,2001.
[3]Halliday,M. A. K.An Introduction to Functional Grammar[M]. 外语教学与研究出版社;Edward Arnold( Publishers) Limited,2000.(2011)08-0000-00
How time flies! Three years has passed. I will graduate from junior high school. I will enter a new school to study. What will my new head teacher be like?I imagine that she/he is not only young but also beautiful/handsome. She/He maybe both patient with us and kind to us. She/He is also strict with us. I hope she/he is outgoing. She/He can understand us and make friends with us. If she/he likes doing sports, we can play together after class. She/He can get moreknowledge from her/him.I am looking forward to seeing her/him!
我的新班主任
时间过得真快!三年过去了。我将从初中毕业。我将进入一所新学校学习。我的新班主任会是什么样的'人?
我想她/他不仅年轻,而且漂亮/英俊。她/他也许对我们既有耐心又对我们很好。她/他对我们也很严格。我希望她/他是外向的。她/他能理解我们并与我们交朋友。如果她/他喜欢运动,我们课后可以一起玩。她/他可以从她/他那里获得更多的知识。
我期待着见到她/他!
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