A man walking in the night slipped from a rock. Afraid that he would fall down thousands of feet, because he knew that place was a very deep valley, he took hold of a branch that was hanging over the rock. In the night all he couls see was a bottomless abyss. He shouted, his own shout reflected back--there was nobody to hear.
You can imagine that man and his whole night of scare. Every moment there was death, his hands were becoming cold, he was losing his gripand as the sun came out he looked down and he laughed. There was no abyss. Just six inches down there was a rock. He could have rested the whole night, slept well---the rock was big enough---but the whole night was a nightmare.
Fear is only six inches deep. Now it is up to you whether you want to go on cling to the branch and turn your life into a nightmare, or whether you would love to leave the branch and stand on your feet.
There is nothing to fear.
Lion was awakened from sleep by a Mouse running over his face. Rising up in anger, he caught him and was about to kill him, when the Mouse piteously entreated, saying: “If you would only spare my life, I would be sure to repay your kindness.” The Lion laughed and let him go.
It happened shortly after this that the Lion was caught by some hunters, who bound him by strong ropes to the ground. The Mouse, recognizing his roar,came up, and gnawed the rope with his teeth, and setting him free.
exclaimed: “You ridiculed the idea of my ever being able to help you, not expecting to receive from me any.
repayment of your favour; but now you know that it is possible for even a Mouse to confer benefits on a Lion.”
The Father and His Son
Father had a family of sons who were perpetually quarrelling among themselves. When he failed to heal their disputes by his exhortations, he determined to give them a practical illustration of the evils of disunion; and for this purpose he one day told them to bring him a bundle of sticks. When they had done so, he placed the faggot into the hands of each of them in succession, and ordered them to break it in pieces. They each tried with all their strength, and were not able to do it.
(一)改写一般疑问句:
(1)原句中有be动词的,将be动词提前,其他顺序不变。
例如:Thisisacat.变为Isthisacat?
(2)原句中有情态动词的(can/may/shall/would)将情态动词提前,其他顺序不变。例如:Hewouldlikeapie.变为Wouldhelikeapie?
(3)原句中是一般动词的,在句首加助动词do或dose(用于主语是第三人称动词单数的句子),其他顺序不变。例如:Iplaytheguitar.变为Doyouplaytheguitar.
(4)原句中的some变any。
注:以情态动词开头的一般疑问句,并且要求对方做肯定回答的`some不变。
(5)原句中的第一人称改为第二人称。例如:Iamanurse.变为Areyouanurse?
(6)以dose开头的一般疑问句,原来动词的第三人称单数形式要变回原形。例如:Hereadsastorybook.变为Dosehereadastorybook?
(二)改写否定句:
(1)原句中有be动词的,直接在be动词后面加not。例如:Itisadog.→It’snotadog./Itisn’tadog.
(2)原句中有情态动词的,直接在情态动词后加not。
例如:Iwouldlikeahotdog.→Iwouldnotlikeahotdog.
(3)原句中是一般动词的,在一般动词前加don’t或doesn’t(用于主语是第三人称单数的句子),doesn’t后面用原型。例如:Iseethreehamburgers.→Idon’tseethreehamburgers.
原句中的some变any例如:Ihavesomebreadan
dmilk.→Idon’thaveanybreadandmilk.
(4)以let开头的祈使句,如果是letus或letme,直接在其后加not;如果let后面其他人称代词宾格(you、him、her、them、it)就在let后面加助动词don’t。例如:Letusgotothepark.→Letusnotgotothepark.再如:Letthemdohomework.→Don’tletthemdohomework.
(三)对划线部分提问:
对划线部分提问,就是先把一个陈述句的划线部分去掉,然后变为一个特殊疑问句:一是特殊疑问句+一般疑问句;
二是特殊疑问句+陈述句(对主语或主语的定语提问,therebe结构除外)
⑴划线部分是人,用who提问。
⑴划线部分是主语,用who提问,who后面的动词要用第三人称单数形式。如:Whois;Wholikes;Whohas?
方法:who+原句的剩余部分
例如:①HelenandMikearelisteningtomusic.
→Whoislisteningtomusic?
②Ihavesomemodelplanes.
→Whohasanymodelplanes?
⑵划线部分是表语,用who提问。
方法:Who+剩余部分的一般疑问句形式
⑵划线部分是事或者物,用what提问。
方法:what+剩余部分的一般疑问句形式。
注:如果原句是therebe句型,直接用What’s+地点状语来提问。例如:①Wewouldliketobuysomethingsforaparty.
→Whatwouldyouliketobuyforaparty?
②Therearealotofcakesintheplate.
→Whatisintheplate?
⑶划线部分是物主代词或名词所有格,用Whose提问。
方法:⑴划线部分是主语的定语时,Whose+剩余部分
例如:Ourclassroomisbright.
→Whoseclassroomisbright?
⑵划线部分是表语或表语的定语时,Whose+剩余部分的一般疑问句形式例如:①ThewomanisSuYang’steacher.
→Whoseteacheristhewoman?
注:对某部分的定语提问,被修饰的部分跟随特殊疑问句往前提②ThispurseisYangLing’s.
→Whosepurseisthis?
⑷划线部分是地点,用where提问。
方法:where+剩余部分的一般疑问句形式
例如:TheyarehamingaMathslessonintheclassroom..
→WherearetheyhavingaMathslesson?
⑸划线部分是“多少”,用howmany或howmuch提问。
方法:⑴句中是可数名词的用Howmany+剩余部分的一般疑问句形式例如:Therearefifteentreesintheplayground.
→Howmanytreesarethereintheplayground?
⑵句中是不可数名词的用Howmuch+剩余部分的一般疑问句形式例如:Ihaveaglassofjuiceforbreakfast.
→Howmuchjuicedoyouhaveforbreakfast?
⑹划线部分是时间,用when或whattime(具体的几时几分)提问。方法:⑴when+剩余部分的一般疑问句形式
例如:SuYangandSuHaiareathomeonSundaymorning.
→WhenareSuYangandSuHaiathome?
⑵问具体的时间直接用Whattimeisit?或What’sthetime?问
例如:It’sthreeforty-five.
→Whattimeisit?或What’sthetime?
记得黑格尔似曾有关于传统的论述,黑氏认为规则与传统有相似之处,即其均为众人遵守且随时代的沿革而有存有改,即其论述中所提到的“传统与规则都有膨胀的属性。”
在我看来黑氏所言甚当,世易时移万物万事岂有不改之理。
时间无限历史不息,世间万物的内部矛盾所推动变更不止,且又相承相续,唯其相承相继才有了“天行有常”的启示,唯其变更不止故而少不了人们心智的相应的变化,自有规则的一天起改规则也就相应地发生,上古至今可有一规则通古今的,可有一教化常用常准的\',即若有也必为今后之时代所更易,定无永存之理。
然而我也不能仅以自己的判定而否认了规则的永存,判定犹出于主观而事实则无可争议。
本着治世不一道便国不法古的信念,商君以无所不为的勇气大更秦法,不但使秦国大为强盛,诛死六国,统我中国而为一,更是实现了社会形态的前进,其不为变法之效用则何?
综观古今中外,进步总是与变革相随的,而规则之更立则为其变革中之大举动,拿破仑于无名之中崛起,于战火中立身,既得法兰西国土更让其他国家臣服,其所急之事无他,唯更立规则,于是便有《拿破仑法典》等诸多新规则的颁步,仅此可称拿破仑氏为一智者,他深知欲进步则规则必不可存留,改立新规实为进步之大保障。
《易经》中早有“变则通”的道理,而其反面之一大例证则首推清王朝之以不变而亡,这便是墨守成规不思革新的恶果,实可诫而不可循。
如今我们加入世界贸组织,其借以优化我国市场秩序的绝佳机会,我国也深明此机遇,顺应时代,革新前进,必有通且久的效用。
自从人们以墨守为贬义词开始便是于对规则认识上的长足进步,不固守,思改进,倘求永存之规则,则可变之规则方为其规则是也。
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