原则:先分散的专项训练 后综合练习
具体进行下列几个专题训练:
(一) 把握议论的论点(包括寻找论点 归纳论点等的训练)
(二) 理清论证的思路(包括论证的结构 论证的材料 论证的方法 论证的角度等)
(三) 体会论证的语言
(四) 综合练习
一般来说,议论文阅读考查学生两大方面的能力:一是对语言知识的运用能力,二是对思想内容的理解能力:即迁移能力,分析理解能力,概括能力,创新能力等。明白了这一点,我们复习就要有针对性地进行,在训练时特别应注意以下几点:
1、多做一些知识点的变式训练,以培养迁移能力。以论点为例,我们不仅要掌握寻找中心论点的规律(按特点找,论点应该是明确的判断,是作者看法的完整陈述,在形式上应该是完整的句子;按位置找,要特别注意文章的标题、开头和结尾,因为这些地方往往是作者要阐述的观点所在),还要知道近年来对中考考查的各种题型:有的要求直接写出论点,有的要求用自己的语言概括中心论点,有的要求找出中心话题……
如:论据的考查,不仅要知道用了哪些论据,这些论据有什么作用?我们还要做一些变式的练习,要求补充适当的事实或道理论据进行论证;或运用比喻论证的方法来说明一个道理等。再如对词句含义的理解有这样几个出题的角度:理解加点词句的含义,体会关键词句的细微差别,找出前后照应的语句,对某句话的品析等。我们了解这些出题的角度,并通过对它们的变式训练,达到灵活运用的目的。
2、 做一些概括要点的训练,以培养概括能力。一般地来说,应学会通过对关键词句的
辨认,(即全文的中心句,各段的总起句、总结句,还有过渡句,对事例进行概括分析的.句子等),对文章标题的分析,对文章所举的现象或事实的概括分析,来把握作品的主要内容。然后抓住要点进行归纳的做法。平时可做一做这方面的练习以培养自己的概括能力;一般的做法是:摘录要点(摘录出文章的关键词语或关键句子);筛选主次,最后归纳(可以用“文章主要阐述了……同时还……”的句式来表达)。
3、 多做一些揣摩语言划分层次的训练,以培养分析理解能力。议论文作为一种说理文
体,对语言有着特殊的要求,要准确、鲜明、生动、概括性强。把握议论文的语言,要注意理解富有概括力的关键性的词语。分析语句中的关键词,分析语句中表示修饰限制的词语,分析语句中表示指代性的词语,根据上下文分析某些重点语句,这些都应作强化训练。
Nowadays, many famous university campuses have become one of the popular tourist attractions. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that every year thousands and thousands of middle school students visit Tsing Hua University and Peking University and other famous universities in China. In the place far away from the capital city, the local students also visit the universities famous in their own province.
So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to open the university campus for tourists? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing for the students to visit the famous university campus in that it can enable the middle students to get more information about the university and they can have enough time and opportunity to prepare themselves with the chance to get into the university. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, the public tourism will have negative effect on the universities because it will not only do harm to the environment but also to the intellectual atmosphere.
In my opinion, the tourism to the universities is not a good thing. The campus is mainly a place for study. With the increasing tourism on the campus, it will ruin the spiritual atmosphere in this learning field.
首先,提纯范文 “谋篇布局”及结构模板。
第一段:提出问题或现象。Nowadays, … … have become one of the popular … …. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that … ….
第二段:正反列举人们的看法。So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to … …? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing for … … in that … …. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, … … will have negative effect on … … because it will not only do harm to … … but also to … ….
第三段:摆明自己观点。In my opinion, … … is not a good thing. … … With the increasing … …, it will ruin … ….
其次,提纯范文“段落写作”。
段落写作分为统一性,连贯性和完整性三方面。
统一性(unity:段落开头的主题句应该做到不可太宽泛,也不可太具体,做到有较强的概括性才能使下文做到有的放矢的展开。范文第二段首句以设问的方式提出一个问题is it a good or bad thing就有很强的概况性。下文自然会一方面从好的方面说明,另一方面从坏的方面说明。
连贯性(coherence:关联词是使文章段落之间相互连贯的必要条件。范文中nowadays, on one hand, on the other hand, in one’s opinion即以“启承转合”递进的顺序是文章条理清晰,层层展开。
完整性(completeness:以设问句“So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to open the university campus for tourists?”开头,这是平时较少运用的段落写作方式——设问法。“On one hand … …. On the other hand, … ….”是段落写作分类列举法的典型用法。
再次,提纯范文“句子写作”。
1. It has been shown that … …
类似句型:It is known to us that … …
It is said that … …
It is reported that … …
It is controversial that … …
2. “… … Tsing Hua University and Peking University and other famous universities … …。”——并列句。并列句是简单的复杂句。但其运用方法并不简单,注意练习并接句的使用,会使句子显的更加饱满。
3. enable v. 使…能够
I gave him full directions to enable him to find the house.
4. in that = because
表“因为”的连词还有since, for, as,如:
The boy was absent because he was ill. = The boy was absent since he was ill.
此句以我们常用的人称开头,句式简单,我们可以通过把since提前改变句式,如:
Since the boy was ill, he was absent. 句式多样化。
最后,提纯范文“措辞”。
1. attraction n. 具有吸引力的事情。
2. thousands and thousands 成千上万的
形容“多”的表达方法:millions and millions
a multitude of
a great deal of
a large amount of
plenty of
many a
3. “some people argued that … …”中的“argue”并不是“讨论,辩论”的意思,而是“认为”。
I argue that … …
I maintain that … …
I claim that … …
I insist that … … = I think that … …
I hold that … …
I assert that … …
I assume that … …
4. negative adj. 否定的.,相反的
hold negative view = hold opposite opinions
5. phenomenon n. 现象
social phenomenon 社会现象
natural phenomenon 自然现象
6. intellectual adj. 聪明的= intelligent, bright, clever
(选词策略:使用最近所学的单词,如intellectual > intelligent > bright > clever
在分析并掌握范文之后,我们需要运用范文知识练习仿写。笔者运用2005年12月范文中的模板结构仿写了2006年12月的四级作文,以供参考:
1. 许多人喜欢在除夕夜看春节晚会
2. 但有些人提出取消春节晚会
3. 我的看法
Nowadays, the Spring Festival Evening has become one of the popular topic and attractions during every traditional New Year’s Eve. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that every year thousands and thousands of Chinese people appear to be accustomed to enjoying the sights and sounds of a brilliant feast, while gathering with their beloved family.
However, an increasing number of people have voiced different opinions towards it. So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to cancel the Spring Festival Evening? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing to amuse the audience in that it is composed by a numerous adequate programs, such as the emotional song, the graceful dance, the funny short sketch, the amusing comic dialogue, the delightful magic, and the marvelous acrobatics and so on. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, the Spring Festival Evening will have negative effect on the family harmony because it will not only do harm to having the talks between family members on the Spring Festival Eve but also to enjoying the gourmet meal in a fancy restaurant.
In my opinion, the Spring Festival Evening is a good thing. It may not remain a must for all people, but it can bring us a strong sense of festivity and serve as an alternative among the variety of holiday activities. With the increasing audience of the Spring Festival Evening, it will ruin a distinctive culture during the Spring Festival vacation.
A tiger is a kind of catamount animal. It looks like a cat, but much bigger than a cat. A tiger is very ferocious and it eats mainly meat. It has yellow and black streaks all over its body and it looks very beautiful. Its tail is long and strong and it can hit its quarry dying.
Tigers live in the thick forests and small animals in the forests are tigers' food.
During the past years, many forests have been cut down and the living conditions of the tigers are becoming worse and worse. There are fewer tigers left in the world now. Tigers are the animals of the world, and they should have their own living spaces. We must do our best to protect the tigers and their living environment.
马虎的字会令人困惑不说,也许还会贻误后人吧。我们的古典文学中“悬案”太多,因何而“悬”呢?我常驻想,像李商隐的《行次西郊作一百韵》诗“逆者问鼎大”中的“逆”字,有的版本却作“送”字;辛弃疾的《鹧鸪天》词不达意“却将万字平戎策“中的”却“字,某些版酏又为”都有“字;甚至五代的一位大词家究竟叫冯延已还是冯延已,到今天还莫衷一是。此等例子真是俯拾即是,无非是因为当时传抄或刻印者的草率而”悬“起来的。古人误了一两笔,后人就争议一千年,这教训无论如何是够深刻的。
道理很明白:字是写给别人看的,写字人就要时时想到看字人。不是说草体字不可以写,但是必须以“写端正”为先,工而后巧,正而后奇。即使最后“奇”到“狂草”的地步,也须依循书法的规矩。兴之所至,龙飞凤舞,乱写一气,实质上是把方便留给自己,将麻烦甩给别人。就像鲁迅曾经批评的,有些青年作者“赶快写完了事,别人看了三遍五遍看不明白,这费了许多工夫,他不管。反正这费的不是他的。”其实,甩给看字人的麻烦,结果仍会反射到写字人身上。写字,既是人与人之间的以交流思想、传播信息的,那么它就与双方都有利害相关。一封字迹模糊的急信,固然使亲属友人摸不着头脑,归根到底却贻误了自己的大事;一分紧急求援的业务报告,可能会因为字体不堪卒读而在对方手中耽搁了时间;一篇胡乱泼墨的稿件到了编辑手中,首先会引起编辑不良的心理反应,削减阅读的兴趣……既麻烦人,又不利己。可见乱写一气的不好习惯,只有戒除,绝无保留的理由。
How to prevent the H7N9?
As is well known,the A flu is spreading throught our country. However, if we negnect it, the deadly H7N9 may cause more infectors,or even more deaths. So what is the most important is that we should take some effective measures to prevent it.They can be listed as follows.
Firstly,it is necessary for you to realize the Avian flu can be prevented if you develop good living habits. For example,you shouldn’t forget to wash your hands before meals.Besides,don’t spit everywhere and try to cover your mouth or nose with paper or hankerchiefs when you have to cough or sneeze.What’s more, remember to wear the mouth-cover if you have to go to the public places, such as the crowded cinemas,supermarkets, buses,where the A flu may spread easily.
Secondly,of course, taking exercise more often and taking good sleep to build your body are wise choices for you to reduce the risk of being infected.
Last but not the least, if you are unlucky to be infected with the slight flu cold, try to stay at home,and take some medicine. Do pay attention to your daily body temperature. If you have a high fever, go to the hospital without delay for further treatment. Make sure you are not expected to come back to school before the cold or flu is cured.
Only by doing like this can you prevent or defeat the A flu in the end.
针对作文主题,分析其内涵以及产生的原因、结果,揭示事物间的真实可靠的关系,全面构思。如以《风度》为题的分论点:
1、风度是一种美德,一种富有教养的臻于完善的气质和风采(是什么);
2、有了风度,能受到别人的敬重,人与人之间增进爱心,有利于和睦相处(为什么);
3、要有风度,须加强道德情操的修养,摒弃粗俗言行,自觉培养良好的风度(怎么样)
又如以“问——打开真理之门”为论点,然后分解成三个分论点:
①好问,就是对一切的未知、一切的疑惑都有一种好奇心与探究欲,是问的基础;
②敢问,就是敢于向权威、规则挑战,以求真知,是问的发展;
③会问,才能真正发现真理,是问的目的。
又如《诗意地生活》(07湖南卷)的论点。
1、理想。是第一层境界:“独上高楼,望断天涯路。
2、奋斗。是第二层境界:“衣带渐宽终不悔,为伊消得人憔悴。”
3、收获。是第三层境界:“蓦然回首,那人却在灯火阑珊处。”
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