2.1. 物质过程(Material Process)
通俗来说,物质过程即为“做”的'过程,是外部经验的再现,也是某事被完成的过程。物质过程一般由行为动词,动作者(Actor)和目标(Goal)组成。动作者是行为的发出者,如句子 “She cooks for the children on the stove”中的“she”。而目标含指向性,表示某行为或动作的承受者,如“onetuner and handle 1,000 pianos a year”中的“1000 pianos”。值得注意的是,物质过程并非纯指具体的物理动作,它也可是抽象的,如句子 “ he learned fast”.
2.2 心理过程(Mental Process)
心理过程表达的是人所感,所想,所思等心理活动的过程,一般有两个参与者,一个是心理活动的感觉主体即“感觉者”(senser),另一个是被感知的客体即“现象”(phenomenon)。与物质过程不同的是,心理过程的参与者之一是可感觉,反应和认知的人,如“Tom dislikes her ‘special’ pumpkin pie intensely”中的“Tom”。通过修辞手法被赋予意识和感知功能的物也可作为 “感觉者”,如“it”在句子“it (money) pleasured grandpa to put a few golden Indian heads onhis vest”中的作用。
2.3 关系过程(Relational Process)
关系过程表达的是“是”的关系,即具有某种联系的物,人,情形或事件之间的关系,或指某一物的属性,特点或所处状态等,大致可分为两种模式:修饰型(attributive)和认同型(identifying)。修饰型包含两个参与者,载体(carrier)即含有某种属性的实体,属性(attribute),即对载体的限定功能语法,在例句“one of the wise Men was educational in the highestsense...”中,“one of the wise Men”是载体,“educational”是属性。认同型则包含被认同者(identified)和认同者(identifier),如“The shcoolhouse is a two-room frame buiding”,“the schoolhouse”是被认同者,“a two-room frame building”是认同者。
2.4 行为过程(Behavioral Process)
行为过程指的是各种生理或心理行为,如呼吸,咳嗽,微笑,哭泣,做梦等。行为过程只有一个参与者,通常为人的行为者(behaver),例如“in thecountry he sleeps better at night”,“the pupilssit still at their desks in class”。某些情况下,行为过程与物质和心理过程的界限并不明显,因为行为者作为意识体与感觉者非常相似,而行为者发出的动作类似于物质过程中的“做”。
2.5 言语过程(Verbal Process)
言语过程是通过语言交换信息的过程,广义上来说就是“说”的过程,通常用到的动词有say,tell,talk,praise,describe等,如“he may proclaim his ownvirtue or skill”。言语过程的主要参与者有说话者(sayer),听话者(receiver),以及言语内容(verbiage)。 说话者可以是任何能表达某种信息的物体,并不一定要求具有意识性,如 “the book tells of one soldier who survived”。
2.6 存在过程(Existential Process)
存在过程表达的是某物或人存在的情况,通常只有一个参与者,即存在物(existent)。典型的存在过程如“thereis no supervised play”,或含表存在的动词,exist,remain,come about,happen等等。
The Children's Park
A new park for children has been set up to welcome' the coming of Children's Day,
The park is in the south of our city, covering an area of 500 mu。 Entering the park you can see statues of children in different races, hand in hand,which is the symbol of the world peace。 In the middle is a lake, around Which are all kinds of trees and flowers。 There are many boats on the take and some children are boating happily, To the south of the lake is a hill with a lot of monkeys on it。 The Children's Pa]ace lies to the east, in which all kinds of exhibitions are on show。 To the west of the lake is a place for children to play, where there are many recreational facilities。
I'm sure the children in our city will have a happy festival this year。
儿童公园
为迎接儿童节的.到来,新的儿童公园已经落成。
公园位于城南,占地500亩。走进公园,你可以看到不同种族的儿童雕像,手挽着手,象征着世界和平。中间有一个湖,周围有各种树木鲜花,湖面上有很多小船,孩子们在愉快地划着。湖南面有一座猴山。少年宫在湖的东面;里面有各种展览。湖的西面是一个儿童游乐场,里面有各种娱乐设施。
我相信我们市的儿童今年会度过一个愉快的节日。
Last weekend, all students in my class went to the park. It was sunny that day.
The park was full of kinds of flowers. In the morning, some of my classmates sang, danced, and some played valleyball. Some were playing Chinese chess under the tree. After lunch, we went boating and climbing the hills.
Although we were tired, we were happy. We enjoyed ourselves that day. In the late of afternoon, we retuned to school by bus.
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