How to prevent the H7N9?
As is well known,the A flu is spreading throught our country. However, if we negnect it, the deadly H7N9 may cause more infectors,or even more deaths. So what is the most important is that we should take some effective measures to prevent it.They can be listed as follows.
Firstly,it is necessary for you to realize the Avian flu can be prevented if you develop good living habits. For example,you shouldn’t forget to wash your hands before meals.Besides,don’t spit everywhere and try to cover your mouth or nose with paper or hankerchiefs when you have to cough or sneeze.What’s more, remember to wear the mouth-cover if you have to go to the public places, such as the crowded cinemas,supermarkets, buses,where the A flu may spread easily.
Secondly,of course, taking exercise more often and taking good sleep to build your body are wise choices for you to reduce the risk of being infected.
Last but not the least, if you are unlucky to be infected with the slight flu cold, try to stay at home,and take some medicine. Do pay attention to your daily body temperature. If you have a high fever, go to the hospital without delay for further treatment. Make sure you are not expected to come back to school before the cold or flu is cured.
Only by doing like this can you prevent or defeat the A flu in the end.
其实看着美国各个大城市,包括洛杉矶、纽约、费城等警察局做假证、诬陷黑人;检察官,法官还都一起附和演戏,引发了我深深的思考,为什么在许多人眼里美国的司法体制仍旧是世界上最好的?但是随着阅读的进行,美国司法系统在审判中的表现,又肯定了我的这种想法。至少肖德维茨的书中,向我们展示了被告陪审团的 “公正”。该书中有一个论点我很支持,肖德维茨说,陪审团面对同样的事实做出不一样的判决并不是对于案件当事人的种族等等有着偏见,而是因为其的生长环境,种族背景使其在面对一样的证据时,会有不同的想法,更甚者,黑人比白人陪审员更加的仁慈,更相信被告无罪。这样的解释,相比于种族歧视更容易被社会大众认可,正如法理学老师所说的,一个人的生长环境不同,,就会导致其前见不同,那么看问题得出的结论必然也是不同的。
书中提到了一个英国的律师Henry Brougham在1820年时候曾说:“一个辩护律师,对当事人富有神圣的职责,他在这个世界上只能认得一个人,就是受到官署控告的当事人,别无其他,要用各种必要的手段来救当事人,保护那个当事人免于必须负担任何其他人的风险或损失,也不使任何人侵害他,这是最高且毫无疑问的职责,他必须无视于对任何人可能造成的一切不安、痛苦、折磨和伤害,必须把爱国的职责跟作为一个辩护人的职责区分清楚,并且将前者揉碎,让它随风而逝,如果有必要的话。他必须无视于任何结果地去做,如果他的命运如此不幸让他的国家跟他的当事人陷于利益冲突的话。”
我国《律师法》第23条规定:“律师应当保守在执业活动中知悉的'国家秘密和当事人的商业秘密,不得泄露当事人的隐私。”随后于2004年颁布的《律师执业行为规范(试行》对此进行了细化,其第56条规定:“律师事务所、律师及其辅助人员不得泄露委托人的商业秘密、隐私,以及通过办理委托人的法律事务所了解的委托人的其他信息。但是律师认为保密可能会导致无法及时阻止发生人身伤亡等严重犯罪及可能导致国家利益受到严重损害的除外。”
比较而二者的关系不难发现,我国的法律在保护当事人利益的基础上始终把国家利益置于个人利益至上,这在一定程度上是不尽合理的。当事人基于对于律师辩护人的信赖,将事实告知律师辩护人,无论律师辩护人基于何种理由将其所知的内容泄露,都是对当事人信赖的一种背叛,对于我国的司法进程是极其不利的。
以上的一段话还我联想到了新的刑事诉讼法修正草案中第68条证人拒证特权,证人的拒证特权是一种基于被告与证人特殊的身份关系而享有的拒绝作证的权利,与这里辩护律师的权利有异曲同工之妙。辩护律师作为被告的辩护人,基于其特殊的身份,其对于案件的真实性有着更深的了解,这是基于被告对辩护律师特殊的信赖而产生的。因此,辩护律师当然有权拒绝作证以保护被告的利益。
对于金钱能否买来无罪的观点,我十分同意作者的话,事实上,金钱对于开释辛普森无罪,正如其去医院看病一样,我们可以忍受富人比穷人拥有更好的医疗资源,为什么不能容忍其有更好的辩护资源呢?同理,再多钱也无法挽救一个绝症犯人的病情,再多的钱如果案件的证据简单明了毫无争议,那么辛普森也无法无罪开释。只要辩护团用合法的手段为辛普森打赢了官司,.就不应该被责难。辛普森所花的钱只是请来了最好的鉴定专家,推翻了警方的证据而已。试想如果警方的证据足够的充分和真实,辩方又怎么会给这个机会呢?但是读到这里我依然有疑问,作者一再强调其在该案件中的收费是比较少的,因为美国法律有规定,那么美国的大律师一个个荷包满满的原因究竟是为什么?
整本书通读下来,使我最感兴趣也是我觉得最有研究意义的就是“陪审团的怀疑是否合理”这一章。接下来,我将着重对“合理的怀疑”进行论述。
什么是合理的怀疑?
在辛普森一案中,伊藤法官是如此定义合理的怀疑:这不仅只是可能的怀疑,因为任何与人相关的事物都存在某种可能或者想象的怀疑。合理的怀疑是指整个论控,在经过对所有证据全盘的比较与考量之后,陪审团心理仍然觉得没办法一直全然确信检方所论控的事实。
为了对合理的怀疑有更深的理解,我对美国刑事诉讼中的排除合理怀疑制度进行了进一步的了解。在美国司法制度中通常使用四个基本标准即优势证据(preponderance of the evidence、清晰且有力的证据(clearand convincing evidence、不含糊且有力的证据(unequivocal andconvincing evidence和排除合理怀疑标准(proof of beyond areasonable doubt。由于刑事案件极其严重的制裁结果因此其证明标准历来被认为是所有案件中最高的,即要达到排除合理怀疑的标准。但是对于合理怀疑的理解,由于过于“简单”,因此当各个陪审员面对这个标准时,合理怀疑显得是一个仁者见仁智者见智的问题。一些法院认为,在保障被告人获得公正审理的正当权利方面,合理怀疑标准显得极为重要,但是由于合理怀疑这一词汇不是那么普通、简单和清晰,即使是受过法律训练的法官也经常错误地描述合理的怀疑,因此需要对其进行必要的解释和把握。但是有一些人的观点却恰恰相左,他们觉得合理的怀疑是一个在陪审员心理不言自明的概念,将其文字化的明确反而使其更加的模糊。
在不同的案件中,法院对于合理怀疑的定义也是不同的。在People V. Feldman一案中,法院认为:基于同情、幻想、成见、空想、多愁善感而产生的怀疑不是合理怀疑,基于陪审员因软弱无能和胆小而逃避给他人定较重的罪行所致的不情愿也不是合理怀疑。这是从反向的角度的定义合理怀疑。在United States V. Savuil一案中,法院认为合理怀疑是基于理性和常理的怀疑,即这种怀疑将使一个理性的人在是否定罪上犹豫不决。这是从正面的角度来定义合理的怀疑。直到今日有关合理怀疑的标准问题的争论还是没有平息。
Nowadays, many famous university campuses have become one of the popular tourist attractions. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that every year thousands and thousands of middle school students visit Tsing Hua University and Peking University and other famous universities in China. In the place far away from the capital city, the local students also visit the universities famous in their own province.
So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to open the university campus for tourists? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing for the students to visit the famous university campus in that it can enable the middle students to get more information about the university and they can have enough time and opportunity to prepare themselves with the chance to get into the university. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, the public tourism will have negative effect on the universities because it will not only do harm to the environment but also to the intellectual atmosphere.
In my opinion, the tourism to the universities is not a good thing. The campus is mainly a place for study. With the increasing tourism on the campus, it will ruin the spiritual atmosphere in this learning field.
首先,提纯范文 “谋篇布局”及结构模板。
第一段:提出问题或现象。Nowadays, … … have become one of the popular … …. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that … ….
第二段:正反列举人们的看法。So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to … …? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing for … … in that … …. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, … … will have negative effect on … … because it will not only do harm to … … but also to … ….
第三段:摆明自己观点。In my opinion, … … is not a good thing. … … With the increasing … …, it will ruin … ….
其次,提纯范文“段落写作”。
段落写作分为统一性,连贯性和完整性三方面。
统一性(unity:段落开头的主题句应该做到不可太宽泛,也不可太具体,做到有较强的概括性才能使下文做到有的放矢的展开。范文第二段首句以设问的方式提出一个问题is it a good or bad thing就有很强的概况性。下文自然会一方面从好的方面说明,另一方面从坏的方面说明。
连贯性(coherence:关联词是使文章段落之间相互连贯的必要条件。范文中nowadays, on one hand, on the other hand, in one’s opinion即以“启承转合”递进的顺序是文章条理清晰,层层展开。
完整性(completeness:以设问句“So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to open the university campus for tourists?”开头,这是平时较少运用的段落写作方式——设问法。“On one hand … …. On the other hand, … ….”是段落写作分类列举法的典型用法。
再次,提纯范文“句子写作”。
1. It has been shown that … …
类似句型:It is known to us that … …
It is said that … …
It is reported that … …
It is controversial that … …
2. “… … Tsing Hua University and Peking University and other famous universities … …。”——并列句。并列句是简单的复杂句。但其运用方法并不简单,注意练习并接句的使用,会使句子显的更加饱满。
3. enable v. 使…能够
I gave him full directions to enable him to find the house.
4. in that = because
表“因为”的连词还有since, for, as,如:
The boy was absent because he was ill. = The boy was absent since he was ill.
此句以我们常用的人称开头,句式简单,我们可以通过把since提前改变句式,如:
Since the boy was ill, he was absent. 句式多样化。
最后,提纯范文“措辞”。
1. attraction n. 具有吸引力的事情。
2. thousands and thousands 成千上万的
形容“多”的表达方法:millions and millions
a multitude of
a great deal of
a large amount of
plenty of
many a
3. “some people argued that … …”中的“argue”并不是“讨论,辩论”的意思,而是“认为”。
I argue that … …
I maintain that … …
I claim that … …
I insist that … … = I think that … …
I hold that … …
I assert that … …
I assume that … …
4. negative adj. 否定的.,相反的
hold negative view = hold opposite opinions
5. phenomenon n. 现象
social phenomenon 社会现象
natural phenomenon 自然现象
6. intellectual adj. 聪明的= intelligent, bright, clever
(选词策略:使用最近所学的单词,如intellectual > intelligent > bright > clever
在分析并掌握范文之后,我们需要运用范文知识练习仿写。笔者运用2005年12月范文中的模板结构仿写了2006年12月的四级作文,以供参考:
1. 许多人喜欢在除夕夜看春节晚会
2. 但有些人提出取消春节晚会
3. 我的看法
Nowadays, the Spring Festival Evening has become one of the popular topic and attractions during every traditional New Year’s Eve. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that every year thousands and thousands of Chinese people appear to be accustomed to enjoying the sights and sounds of a brilliant feast, while gathering with their beloved family.
However, an increasing number of people have voiced different opinions towards it. So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to cancel the Spring Festival Evening? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing to amuse the audience in that it is composed by a numerous adequate programs, such as the emotional song, the graceful dance, the funny short sketch, the amusing comic dialogue, the delightful magic, and the marvelous acrobatics and so on. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, the Spring Festival Evening will have negative effect on the family harmony because it will not only do harm to having the talks between family members on the Spring Festival Eve but also to enjoying the gourmet meal in a fancy restaurant.
In my opinion, the Spring Festival Evening is a good thing. It may not remain a must for all people, but it can bring us a strong sense of festivity and serve as an alternative among the variety of holiday activities. With the increasing audience of the Spring Festival Evening, it will ruin a distinctive culture during the Spring Festival vacation.
春节刚过,根据新闻报道,在春节“赚”了不少压岁钱的广州中小学生们纷纷走上街头豪爽一把。有的学生一掷千金,打算用收到的20xx元利市请同学吃日本菜。有位同学用利市钱买了一部价值五千多元的带摄像头的彩屏手机,剩下的买了衣服和鞋子,一天就花掉6000元利市钱。中小学生这种花钱法着实令人咋舌,有道是“年年岁岁花相似,岁岁年年人不同。”因为他们从来不缺钱花,甚至不知道什么叫贫穷,他们享受的是花钱如流水般的快乐感。手握数千元,他们首先想到的是购买自己喜爱和想要的东西,如影碟、数码相机、手机、MP3以及衣服、鞋子,花销上连盹都不打,表现得非常大度、一掷千金,可对于书籍、文具等学习有益的产品,不少学生表示无兴趣。还说“买书什么时候都可以,爸妈都会给钱;利市那么难得,怎么会用来买那些?”。春节是我国最隆重的传统佳节,给小孩压岁钱延续久矣,人们日子一年过得比一年好,压岁钱也是一年胜过一年,由几毛开始上到几百,再由几百到几千上万,真是芝麻开花——节节高哇!我们广州是中国经济较发达地区,人均生活水平比较高,一个中小学生过年收得大几千万把块的压岁钱也算不了什么。但是,这些压岁钱极大多数是来自亲戚,或父母的同学、朋友同事,抑或上下级之间的关系往来,由于这些钱不是学生们劳动所得。也正因为如此,他们在花费上也就毫不吝惜,甚至同学之间拿压岁钱充阔摆富,进行攀比压岁钱之类的活动。但是他们不知道,这些压岁钱其实还是家长的。但是父母对孩子也过于溺爱和放纵,数千元也就任由他们花去。这样的家庭一般都是小康之家,平时也是宠着、惯着,无形中他们也就把压岁钱当成自己既得之物,想咋花就咋花,而且花得大手大脚、心安理得……
所以,我们必须要定出合理使用压岁钱的计划,并且要培养成勤俭节约的习惯。
(1)在我国,目前地区贫富悬殊差别很大,贫困地区的学生仍然交不起学费,买不起学习用具;而对于那些富裕的学生来说,拿出部分利市钱来,向贫困地区的.同学们伸出援助之手,捐出一部分帮助他们度过难关,并不是一些很困难的事。我们的压岁钱那么多,也同样可以在学校举办的公益活动中捐一些钱给有困难的人,哪怕一元也好。
(2)我们可以将压岁钱积攒起来,存大部分压岁钱入银行也是很好的事情。可以使我们从小养成节俭的好习惯,不要让一元轻易地从手中花掉。自己也可以买一些学习用品或小玩具小小地奖励一下自己,只要花钱不要浪费就可以了。
(3)我们还可以把压岁钱一年一年地存好,报自己喜欢的才艺班。这样既可以培养自己喜欢的兴趣和爱好,还可以合理使用压岁钱。这样不是一举两得吗?
看!多棒呀。我相信我们一定会成为理财“小专家”
Expert tips on how to prevent avian influenza H7N9 collated by current argument data dictionary
1.平时加强体育锻炼,多休息,避免过度劳累,不吸烟,勤洗手;注意个人卫生,打喷嚏或咳嗽时掩住口鼻。
1 usually strengthen physical exercise, rest more, avoid excessive overworked, do not smoke, wash their hands; pay attention to personal hygiene, when sneezing or coughing and cover your nose and mouth.
2.保持室内清洁,使用消毒液清洗的地毯,避免使用难以清洗的地毯,保持地面、天花板、家具及墙壁清洁,确保排水道通畅;保持室内空气流通,应每天开窗换气两次,每次至少10分钟,或使用抽气扇保持空气流通;尽量少去 空气不流通的场所。
2 keep the room clean, use disinfectant cleaning carpets, avoid the use of hard to clean the carpet, keep the floor, ceiling, furniture and walls clean, to ensure smooth drainage channel; maintains the indoor air circulation, ventilation windows should be at least two times a day, 10 minutes each time, or use a fan to keep air circulation; as little as possible to airless places.
3.注意饮食卫生,进食禽肉、蛋类要彻底煮熟,加工、保存食物时要注意生、熟分开;养成良好的卫生习惯,搞好厨房卫生,不生食禽肉和内脏。解剖活(死家禽、家畜及其制品后要彻底洗手。
3, pay attention to food hygiene, eating meat, eggs should be thoroughly cooked, processing, preservation of food to the attention of raw, cooked separately; develop good health habits, good kitchen hygiene, do not eat raw poultry meat and offal. Anatomy of living (dead to wash hands thoroughly, livestock and poultry products.
同时,在户外洗手不方便的时候,可以使用免洗洗手液,随身携带,随时随地隔离病菌,呵护您的健康。
At the same time, when the outdoor hand-washing is not convenient, can use hand sanitizer, carry whenever and wherever possible, isolate the pathogen, take care of your health.
4.发现疫情时,应尽量避免与禽类接触;公众特别是儿童应避免密切接触家禽和野禽。
4 found in the epidemic, should avoid contact with poultry; the public especially children should avoid close contact with poultry and wild birds.
5.注意生活用具的消毒处理。禽流感病毒不耐热,100°C下一分钟即可灭活。对干燥、紫外线照射、汞、氯等常用消毒药都很敏感。
5 pay attention to disinfection and living appliances. Avian influenza viruses do not heat, 100 ° C, one minute can be inact
to prevent H7N9 we should know some common sense. First of all, it is important for us to prevent H7N9 from ourselves. For example, clean our hands frequently.
Sencondly, do more exercises. Such as running. Lastly, change our diet to keep balence. For example, eat more types of vegetables and drink more water
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