定义法是用下定义的方式去揭示事物本质特征或概念内涵。它能使读者迅速抓住本质属性和基本特点。此法的句型:
① … is a/the … of … which/that …② … relate to/involve/refer to …
【例】
(1Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols which is used for human communication. 语言是人类用来交际的任意性的语音符号体系。
(2Intermediate goals relate to outcomes during the next few years.
(3Short-term goals involve outcomes expected during the next 12 months.
这本书花了我300元。
I spent 300 yuan on the book.
I paid 300 yuan for the book.
The price of the book is 300 yuan.
It cost me 300 yuan to buy the book.
我不懂什么英语,李明也不懂。
I don’t know any English, nor does Li Ming.
I hardly know any English, nor does Li Ming.
I hardly know any English, neither does Li Ming.
I hardly know any English, no more does Li Ming.
I hardly know any English, so it is with Li Ming.
I know no more English than Li Ming does.
I know as little English as Li Ming does.
一到家,我就把所见到的一切都记了下来。
On/Upon arriving home, I wrote down everything I had seen.
As soon as I arrived home, I wrote down everything I had seen.
The moment I arrived home, I wrote down everything I had seen.
数字法是运用数据来表明事物的本质和特点,准确合理的数据使文章精确可信。
【例】
(1Nearly half of all Americans over age 20 wear a bridge or denture,and more than 20 percent have complete upper and lower denture. By age 50, one out of every two persons has gum disease.
(2And it seems sensible to wait. One quarter of all marriages between people under twenty-one end in divorce. In Britain in 1972, there were 124,248 divorces.
说明文的说明方法除上面介绍的常见的几种以外,还有诸如分项法、列举法、比喻法及引用法等,只有综合运用多种说明方法,才能多角度、多层次地全面、清晰、准确地展示客观事物的本来面貌。
图表题一般最简单,主要考察的就是学生的思维模式,注意逻辑关系,分析其中的细节,找出符合图示所要求的必要条件。
首先,历年考试真题是必备的资料,真题是一个标准,做真题可以把握试题难度,出题角度,了解命题重点。其次,考研阅读辅导书,这种资料贵精不在多。做完后,我们应该反复的研读真题,思考不同类型文章的出题风格,从中摸索规律以提高阅读水平与做题技巧。
分类法就是把说明的对象,按一定的标准划分成不同类别分别加以说明的方法。如:上述范文介绍人生的三种目标,并按照时间的长短对终生目标、长期目标和短期目标做了分类说明。
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