每年的10月23日是中国传统节气“霜降”,霜降节气含有天气渐冷、初霜出现的意思,是秋季的最后一个节气,也意味着冬天的开始,霜降时节,养生保健尤为重要,民间有谚语“一年补透透,不如补霜降”,足见这个节气对人们的影响。
霜降二十四节气之一,天气渐冷,开始有霜。霜降一般是在每年公历的10月23日。这时中国黄河流域一带出现初霜,大部分地区多忙于播种三麦等作物。
我国古代将霜降分为三候:“一候豺乃祭兽;二候草木黄落;三候蜇虫咸俯。”此节气中豺狼将捕获的猎物先陈列后再食用。
每年阳历10月23日前后,太阳到达黄经210度时为霜降。霜降表示天气更冷了,露水凝结成霜。《月令七十二候集解》:“九月中,气肃而凝,露结为霜矣”。此时,我国黄河流域已出现白霜,千里沃野上,一片银色冰晶熠熠闪光,此时树叶枯黄,在落叶了。古籍《二十四节气解》中说:“气肃而霜降,阴始凝也。”可见“霜降”表示天气逐渐变冷,开始降霜。气象学上,一般把秋季出现的第一次霜叫做“早霜”或“初霜”,而把春季出现的最后一次霜称为“晚霜”或“终霜”。从终霜到初霜的间隔时期,就是无霜期。也有把早霜叫“菊花霜”的,因为此时菊花盛开,北宋大文学家苏轼有诗曰:“千树扫作一番黄,只有芙蓉独自芳”。
Long, long ago, there were two brothers, the one rich and the other poor. When Christmas Eve came, the poor one had not a bite in the house, either of meat or bread; so he went to his brother, and begged him, in God's name, to give him something for Christmas Day. It was by no means the first time that the brother had been forced to give something to him, and he was not better pleased at being asked now than he generally was.
"If you will do what I ask you, you shall have a whole ham," said he. The poor one immediately thanked him, and promised this.
"Well, here is the ham, and now you must go straight to Dead Man's Hall," said the rich brother, throwing the ham to him.
"Well, I will do what I have promised," said the other, and he took the ham and set off. He went on and on for the livelong day, and at nightfall he came to a place where there was a bright light.
"I have no doubt this is the place," thought the man with the ham.
An old man with a long white beard was standing in the outhouse, chopping Yule logs.
"Good-evening," said the man with the ham.
"Good-evening to you. Where are you going at this late hour?" said the man.
"I am going to Dead Man's Hall, if only I am on the right track," answered the poor man.
"Oh! yes, you are right enough, for it is here," said the old man. "When you get inside they will all want to buy your ham, for they don't get much meat to eat there; but you must not sell it unless you can get the hand-mill which stands behind the door for it. When you come out again I will teach you how to stop the hand-mill, which is useful for almost everything."
So the man with the ham thanked the other for his good advice, and rapped at the door.
每年阳历10月23日前后,太阳到达黄经210度时为二十四节气中的霜降。霜降是秋季的最后一个节气,是秋季到冬季的过渡节气。秋晚地面上散热很多,温度骤然下降到0度以下,空气中的水蒸气在地面或植物上直接凝结形成细微的冰针,有的\'成为六角形的霜花,色白且结构疏松。
《月令七十二候集解》关于霜降说:九月中,气肃而凝,露结为霜矣。此时,中国黄河流域已出现白霜,千里沃野上,一片银色冰晶熠熠闪光,此时树叶枯黄,在落叶了。古籍《二十四节气解》中说:“气肃而霜降,阴始凝也”。可见“霜降”表示天气逐渐变冷,露水凝结成霜。我国古代将霜降分为三候:一候豺乃祭兽;二候草木黄落;三候蜇虫咸俯。豺狼开始捕获猎物,祭兽,以兽而祭天报本也,方铺而祭秋金之义;大地上的树叶枯黄掉落;蜇虫也全在洞中不动不食,垂下头来进入冬眠状态中。“霜降始霜”反映的是黄河流域的气候特征。就全年霜日而言,青藏高原上的一些地方即使在夏季也有霜雪,年霜日都在200天以上,是我国霜日最多的地方。西藏东部、青海南部、祁连山区、川西高原、滇西北、天山、阿尔泰山区、北疆西部山区、东北及内蒙东部等地年霜日都超过100天,淮河、汉水以南、青藏高原东坡以东的广大地区均在50天以下,北纬25°以南和四川盆地只有10天左右,福州以南及两广沿海平均年霜日不到1天,而西双版纳、海南和台湾南部及南海诸岛则是没有霜降的地方。
“霜降***百草”,严霜打过的植物,一点生机也没有。这是由于植株体内的液体,因霜冻结成冰晶,蛋白质沉淀,细胞内的水分外渗,使原生质严重脱水而变质。“风刀霜剑严相逼”说明霜是无情的、残酷的。其实,霜和霜冻虽形影相连,但危害庄稼的是“冻”不是“霜”。有人曾经试验:把植物的两片叶子,分别放在同样低温的箱里,其中一片叶子盖满了霜,另一片叶子没有盖霜,结果无霜的叶子受害极重,而盖霜的叶子只有轻微的霜害痕迹。这说明霜不但危害不了庄稼,相反,水汽凝华时,还可放出大量热来,1克0℃的水蒸汽凝华成水,放出气化热是667卡,它会使重霜变轻霜、轻霜变露水,免除冻害。
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