所谓“整体烘托法”指的是作文中的自然环境描写从整体上定下了全文的情感基调,或定下了故事的发生氛围,或作为一个重要要素参与了整个故事的发展。最常见的有两种情况:
第一,将同一环境描写作为某种氛围的.衬托放在文章开头,并在接下来的叙述中仍不时提到。这个环境描写通常定下全文的情感氛围或交待整个故事发生的背景。如一篇满分作文《较量》,写“我”作为班干部与班里恶作剧同学的一场较量,突出“我”的勇敢,在文章开头即写电闪雷鸣,风雨交加,环境描写不多,但从整体上给文章定下了一个紧张的环境氛围。
第二,将一两个环境描写作为线索贯穿全文始终。在这种情况中,须在开头即涉及这处环境描写,以此形成线索的始端,然后各段或关键段落都要写到这个或这些环境,文字可长可短,位置可为段首,亦可段末,这样会使人对这一自然环境产生深刻印象。具体可分成两种情况,第一,自然环境在文章事件发展过程中是变化的,如一些文章要写某事从不好变到好,便会使用雨过天晴的环境描写,在开头写阴雨连绵,文中雨慢慢变小,文尾则变成阳光灿烂。第二,某一自然环境在文中反复出现,但自然环境本身变化不大,只是承载了某种情感或主题。如一篇北京中考满分作文《凝聚》,其中“阳光”作为一个环境描写,在文中反复出现,但内容上并无很大变化,因为阳光承载的是同样一份“亲情”。
点评:
所有环境均服务文章主题,故写环境时,需注意环境描写并非文章主体。也即一篇作文中描写自然环境的文字不一定要多,但要“得体”。所谓“得体”即是说文中描写的自然环境须与其记叙的事件有一定的内在联系,或对其要表达的情感,主旨或其中的人物形象能起到烘托,突出的作用。
to prevent H7N9 we should know some common sense. First of all, it is important for us to prevent H7N9 from ourselves. For example, clean our hands frequently.
Sencondly, do more exercises. Such as running. Lastly, change our diet to keep balence. For example, eat more types of vegetables and drink more water
看见他,我总是畏惧,不是一种做了亏心事之后的后怕,而是一种来自心底深处的震撼与敬佩,因为他拥有神奇的魔力。
小时侯,我不肯去幼儿园,他仿佛有一种专门为我设计的魔咒,让我乖乖上学的魔咒,持续到今。
他是个极其稳重的男人。开车时,随机应变,以安全第一,速度拿捏得当。妈妈在后座却总是一个劲地唠叨:“你啊是要去投胎啊!开那么快。”我扑哧笑了出来。他从后视镜看向妈妈,一本正经地说:“坐你老公的车还不放心吗,你永远是安全的。”妈妈便像喝了蜂蜜一般,甜甜地笑了,风抚过她的发际。啊,他是对妈妈施了什么定心魔法了吧。妈妈安心地坐在后座,夕阳的余辉爬进车窗。
这个男人在稳重中还夹杂了一点点放纵。走在公园的小路上,月光倾泻,他的头发被镀上了一层层光泽,与湖面相映,岸边的月季花倾吐淡淡的香,陶醉了月色。他突然回过头来:“女儿,和我比比跑步。”沉浸在失利的悲伤中,我无力地摇头。“为什么,不是你老说你跑步很厉害吗?比比,快点快点。”我无奈,感觉不和他比跑步我就像欺负了一个小弟弟一样。他飞也似地冲了出去,我也飞快地追了上去,心情在不知不觉中明朗起来,我看见湖面微波荡漾。啊,他又对我施了什么魔咒,使我的心情舒畅起来。真是个狡猾的男人!
其实,很早很早以前,他是个十分厉害的魔法师,拥有各种法力。他会突然变出一个巨大的毛绒玩具,只为博得女儿一笑;他会突然使菜肴变得好吃起来,只为看见女儿狼吞虎咽;他会突然出现在我面前,只为看见女儿惊讶的表情;他会让坏了已久的房灯在某天突然亮起来,只为可以让女儿更好地学习……还有好多好多。
然而,岁月并没有眷恋他。他轻轻叹着气收起他的魔法袍,对我说爸爸不再年轻了啊。真的,我眼睁睁地看着他在我身边一点点老去,一点点失去青春活力……
突然好想说一句话,爸爸,在女儿眼里,你一直都是一位让我敬佩的魔法师,你永远是最顶尖的魔法师,而且威力无边。
To see a world in a grain of sand,
And a heaven in a wild flower,
Hold infinity in the palm of your hand,
And eternity in an hour.
一沙一世界,
一花一天堂,
手中即无限,
永恒亦短暂。
Nowadays, many famous university campuses have become one of the popular tourist attractions. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that every year thousands and thousands of middle school students visit Tsing Hua University and Peking University and other famous universities in China. In the place far away from the capital city, the local students also visit the universities famous in their own province.
So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to open the university campus for tourists? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing for the students to visit the famous university campus in that it can enable the middle students to get more information about the university and they can have enough time and opportunity to prepare themselves with the chance to get into the university. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, the public tourism will have negative effect on the universities because it will not only do harm to the environment but also to the intellectual atmosphere.
In my opinion, the tourism to the universities is not a good thing. The campus is mainly a place for study. With the increasing tourism on the campus, it will ruin the spiritual atmosphere in this learning field.
首先,提纯范文 “谋篇布局”及结构模板。
第一段:提出问题或现象。Nowadays, … … have become one of the popular … …. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that … ….
第二段:正反列举人们的看法。So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to … …? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing for … … in that … …. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, … … will have negative effect on … … because it will not only do harm to … … but also to … ….
第三段:摆明自己观点。In my opinion, … … is not a good thing. … … With the increasing … …, it will ruin … ….
其次,提纯范文“段落写作”。
段落写作分为统一性,连贯性和完整性三方面。
统一性(unity:段落开头的主题句应该做到不可太宽泛,也不可太具体,做到有较强的概括性才能使下文做到有的放矢的展开。范文第二段首句以设问的方式提出一个问题is it a good or bad thing就有很强的概况性。下文自然会一方面从好的方面说明,另一方面从坏的方面说明。
连贯性(coherence:关联词是使文章段落之间相互连贯的必要条件。范文中nowadays, on one hand, on the other hand, in one’s opinion即以“启承转合”递进的顺序是文章条理清晰,层层展开。
完整性(completeness:以设问句“So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to open the university campus for tourists?”开头,这是平时较少运用的段落写作方式——设问法。“On one hand … …. On the other hand, … ….”是段落写作分类列举法的典型用法。
再次,提纯范文“句子写作”。
1. It has been shown that … …
类似句型:It is known to us that … …
It is said that … …
It is reported that … …
It is controversial that … …
2. “… … Tsing Hua University and Peking University and other famous universities … …。”——并列句。并列句是简单的复杂句。但其运用方法并不简单,注意练习并接句的使用,会使句子显的更加饱满。
3. enable v. 使…能够
I gave him full directions to enable him to find the house.
4. in that = because
表“因为”的连词还有since, for, as,如:
The boy was absent because he was ill. = The boy was absent since he was ill.
此句以我们常用的人称开头,句式简单,我们可以通过把since提前改变句式,如:
Since the boy was ill, he was absent. 句式多样化。
最后,提纯范文“措辞”。
1. attraction n. 具有吸引力的事情。
2. thousands and thousands 成千上万的
形容“多”的表达方法:millions and millions
a multitude of
a great deal of
a large amount of
plenty of
many a
3. “some people argued that … …”中的“argue”并不是“讨论,辩论”的意思,而是“认为”。
I argue that … …
I maintain that … …
I claim that … …
I insist that … … = I think that … …
I hold that … …
I assert that … …
I assume that … …
4. negative adj. 否定的.,相反的
hold negative view = hold opposite opinions
5. phenomenon n. 现象
social phenomenon 社会现象
natural phenomenon 自然现象
6. intellectual adj. 聪明的= intelligent, bright, clever
(选词策略:使用最近所学的单词,如intellectual > intelligent > bright > clever
在分析并掌握范文之后,我们需要运用范文知识练习仿写。笔者运用2005年12月范文中的模板结构仿写了2006年12月的四级作文,以供参考:
1. 许多人喜欢在除夕夜看春节晚会
2. 但有些人提出取消春节晚会
3. 我的看法
Nowadays, the Spring Festival Evening has become one of the popular topic and attractions during every traditional New Year’s Eve. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that every year thousands and thousands of Chinese people appear to be accustomed to enjoying the sights and sounds of a brilliant feast, while gathering with their beloved family.
However, an increasing number of people have voiced different opinions towards it. So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to cancel the Spring Festival Evening? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing to amuse the audience in that it is composed by a numerous adequate programs, such as the emotional song, the graceful dance, the funny short sketch, the amusing comic dialogue, the delightful magic, and the marvelous acrobatics and so on. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, the Spring Festival Evening will have negative effect on the family harmony because it will not only do harm to having the talks between family members on the Spring Festival Eve but also to enjoying the gourmet meal in a fancy restaurant.
In my opinion, the Spring Festival Evening is a good thing. It may not remain a must for all people, but it can bring us a strong sense of festivity and serve as an alternative among the variety of holiday activities. With the increasing audience of the Spring Festival Evening, it will ruin a distinctive culture during the Spring Festival vacation.
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