记叙文的写作不像议论文的写作,在主体部分往往无法引经据典。但是却可以在结尾适当引用。这样,既可以展示自己的创作才华,也可以收到余音绕梁的表达效果。如2010年高考一山东考生的作文《光明与阴影构成美丽的花》一文的结尾:“忽然想起张炜说的话:‘真正的作家天生应该是个水手。这使我们想到了写出《白鲸》的.麦尔维尔,还有搏击在密西西比河上的马克·吐温,他们都有过水手生涯,一生都在生活的激流中搏斗。长长的流浪,无边的海洋或漫漫的大河,水声,涛涌,遇险与生还。’人生的美丽永远在光明与阴影中交融,难分难解。”这个结尾,作者引用张炜如诗的语言,既暗含了比较的因素,也巧妙而自然地点明了文章的主题,让读者久久回味。
一篇议论文总有一个相对集中的议论话题,亦即对象。有的文章,议论的对象一目了然,直截明了;有的文章却不,其题目就是一个集约、内敛了丰富意蕴的形象,逗人遐想。例如,夏立君先生的《西域读李白》。文章叙写了李白家族在大唐最西缘——遥远的中亚碎叶的流浪、漂游。行文之中,作者不时点击西域的民族以及个性化了的生活细节,借以议论李白是伟大的漂泊者,具备西域骑士的骠悍、洒脱;李白的诗文充满异域情调和漂泊情怀;在李白心中,无处不是故乡,醉处就是故乡。——他拒绝根的存在;李白是诗人中的游侠——重侠轻儒,轻财重义,藐视权贵;李白中骠悍与纯粹的西域风格特点是与成吉思汗并列的在文化精神领域的大手笔。可以这么说,西域广袤而且边远,是一个令人神之往之的`魅力名词;作者在西域与李白的诗文以及思想、个性之间觉悟出了一种本质的融通,从而捕捉到了相应的议论契机,文章形象鲜活而且纷呈,诗意盎然。
Nowadays, many famous university campuses have become one of the popular tourist attractions. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that every year thousands and thousands of middle school students visit Tsing Hua University and Peking University and other famous universities in China. In the place far away from the capital city, the local students also visit the universities famous in their own province.
So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to open the university campus for tourists? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing for the students to visit the famous university campus in that it can enable the middle students to get more information about the university and they can have enough time and opportunity to prepare themselves with the chance to get into the university. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, the public tourism will have negative effect on the universities because it will not only do harm to the environment but also to the intellectual atmosphere.
In my opinion, the tourism to the universities is not a good thing. The campus is mainly a place for study. With the increasing tourism on the campus, it will ruin the spiritual atmosphere in this learning field.
首先,提纯范文 “谋篇布局”及结构模板。
第一段:提出问题或现象。Nowadays, … … have become one of the popular … …. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that … ….
第二段:正反列举人们的看法。So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to … …? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing for … … in that … …. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, … … will have negative effect on … … because it will not only do harm to … … but also to … ….
第三段:摆明自己观点。In my opinion, … … is not a good thing. … … With the increasing … …, it will ruin … ….
其次,提纯范文“段落写作”。
段落写作分为统一性,连贯性和完整性三方面。
统一性(unity:段落开头的主题句应该做到不可太宽泛,也不可太具体,做到有较强的概括性才能使下文做到有的放矢的展开。范文第二段首句以设问的方式提出一个问题is it a good or bad thing就有很强的概况性。下文自然会一方面从好的方面说明,另一方面从坏的方面说明。
连贯性(coherence:关联词是使文章段落之间相互连贯的必要条件。范文中nowadays, on one hand, on the other hand, in one’s opinion即以“启承转合”递进的顺序是文章条理清晰,层层展开。
完整性(completeness:以设问句“So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to open the university campus for tourists?”开头,这是平时较少运用的段落写作方式——设问法。“On one hand … …. On the other hand, … ….”是段落写作分类列举法的典型用法。
再次,提纯范文“句子写作”。
1. It has been shown that … …
类似句型:It is known to us that … …
It is said that … …
It is reported that … …
It is controversial that … …
2. “… … Tsing Hua University and Peking University and other famous universities … …。”——并列句。并列句是简单的复杂句。但其运用方法并不简单,注意练习并接句的使用,会使句子显的更加饱满。
3. enable v. 使…能够
I gave him full directions to enable him to find the house.
4. in that = because
表“因为”的连词还有since, for, as,如:
The boy was absent because he was ill. = The boy was absent since he was ill.
此句以我们常用的人称开头,句式简单,我们可以通过把since提前改变句式,如:
Since the boy was ill, he was absent. 句式多样化。
最后,提纯范文“措辞”。
1. attraction n. 具有吸引力的事情。
2. thousands and thousands 成千上万的
形容“多”的表达方法:millions and millions
a multitude of
a great deal of
a large amount of
plenty of
many a
3. “some people argued that … …”中的“argue”并不是“讨论,辩论”的意思,而是“认为”。
I argue that … …
I maintain that … …
I claim that … …
I insist that … … = I think that … …
I hold that … …
I assert that … …
I assume that … …
4. negative adj. 否定的.,相反的
hold negative view = hold opposite opinions
5. phenomenon n. 现象
social phenomenon 社会现象
natural phenomenon 自然现象
6. intellectual adj. 聪明的= intelligent, bright, clever
(选词策略:使用最近所学的单词,如intellectual > intelligent > bright > clever
在分析并掌握范文之后,我们需要运用范文知识练习仿写。笔者运用2005年12月范文中的模板结构仿写了2006年12月的四级作文,以供参考:
1. 许多人喜欢在除夕夜看春节晚会
2. 但有些人提出取消春节晚会
3. 我的看法
Nowadays, the Spring Festival Evening has become one of the popular topic and attractions during every traditional New Year’s Eve. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that every year thousands and thousands of Chinese people appear to be accustomed to enjoying the sights and sounds of a brilliant feast, while gathering with their beloved family.
However, an increasing number of people have voiced different opinions towards it. So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to cancel the Spring Festival Evening? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing to amuse the audience in that it is composed by a numerous adequate programs, such as the emotional song, the graceful dance, the funny short sketch, the amusing comic dialogue, the delightful magic, and the marvelous acrobatics and so on. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, the Spring Festival Evening will have negative effect on the family harmony because it will not only do harm to having the talks between family members on the Spring Festival Eve but also to enjoying the gourmet meal in a fancy restaurant.
In my opinion, the Spring Festival Evening is a good thing. It may not remain a must for all people, but it can bring us a strong sense of festivity and serve as an alternative among the variety of holiday activities. With the increasing audience of the Spring Festival Evening, it will ruin a distinctive culture during the Spring Festival vacation.
How to prevent the H7N9?
As is well known,the A flu is spreading throught our country. However, if we negnect it, the deadly H7N9 may cause more infectors,or even more deaths. So what is the most important is that we should take some effective measures to prevent it.They can be listed as follows.
Firstly,it is necessary for you to realize the Avian flu can be prevented if you develop good living habits. For example,you shouldn’t forget to wash your hands before meals.Besides,don’t spit everywhere and try to cover your mouth or nose with paper or hankerchiefs when you have to cough or sneeze.What’s more, remember to wear the mouth-cover if you have to go to the public places, such as the crowded cinemas,supermarkets, buses,where the A flu may spread easily.
Secondly,of course, taking exercise more often and taking good sleep to build your body are wise choices for you to reduce the risk of being infected.
Last but not the least, if you are unlucky to be infected with the slight flu cold, try to stay at home,and take some medicine. Do pay attention to your daily body temperature. If you have a high fever, go to the hospital without delay for further treatment. Make sure you are not expected to come back to school before the cold or flu is cured.
Only by doing like this can you prevent or defeat the A flu in the end.
议论的对象选定以后,一些文章便侧重阐发理由。例如《安于途中》一文,作者感觉生命总是在途中,这就形象地告诉读者,与生俱来,人总是在靠近某个可知或未可知的终点。以此为境,作者在文中逻辑而且形象地诠释了哲理生活的理由:人活着不能只是为了刻意靠近终结的辉煌。人生的风景在于充实生命的过程;安于途中并不是碌碌无为,得过且过,而是要关注人生过程,品味生活,展示生命魅力;生命只有在途中才成其为生命,生命不只是为了抵达,主要是为了经历,具体的经历构成了生命的精彩。必须补充一笔的是,在诠释以上的为什么时。作者还精心营构了象中之象,使得相应的理由更加生动而且具体。例如,在阐发抵达并不那么重要,终点并不那么美好时,作者以花朵的终点是凋谢,道路的终点是绝境设喻,警策人们:生命的终点是死亡。这样的生花妙笔。全文俯拾即是。《安于途中》实在是一篇形象生动,义理隽永的绝佳美文。
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