改写不是想当然地瞎编胡扯,不能随意对诗中内容进行删改,更不能脱离原诗内容进行天马行空的自由创作。这里的“改”主要包含两方面的意思:一是改古诗语言为现代语言,使语言更浅白、流畅;二是根据诗意进行合理的想象和补白,使内容更形象、具体。如果脱离了原诗的内容乱改,写出的文章就会变味,就不符合作文要求,算跑题作文。讲授:把握原文内容,任何一种改写,无论内容或形式上的改变,都必须忠实于原文的主要内容、中心思想,否则就不是改写而是另外创作了。若想将古诗词进行真实而艺术地改写,再现原诗的意境,必先把握原诗的内容,确定重点。马致远《秋思》的主题思想是诗人怀才不遇的悲凉情怀,你却写得欢快,清新,与原诗格调不一致,就不会的分。
①调动情感的问题。做好的准备工作,这是一个大题目,里面大有文章可作。比如选材的问题。如果选取一些自己比较陌生的材料去作文,就很难调动起自己的创作情感,所以就要有意识地选择一些比较熟悉的材料,最好是发生在自己身上的或者是我们生活的环境里的一些人或事。还有一个尽快入题的问题。150分钟的语文划给作文的时间在一个小时左右,那么我们从审题立意到开始动笔,时间最多不能超过15分钟,当然也不能少于10分钟。在这段时间里,我们不仅要考虑文章的立意、布局谋篇,更要把自己的情感调动起来,让自己“走进”所要记叙的场景之中去。这种“身临其境”正是情感被调动起来的表现。
②截取生活片断,借助“主旨”这根红线,连缀成篇。这是由作文的篇幅所决定的。一篇千字文章,不可能把事情的始末全部交代清楚,就是能够交代清楚,也只能是叙述故事的梗概。这样,不仅内容不厚实,而且还缺乏生动性,不可能“以情动人”。而截取生活中的几个典型片断,进行具体细致的描写,则可以避免此类情况的发生。
③描写还是叙述的问题。叙述故事情节,往往容易出现语言干巴,欠生动的\'现象,这样就达不到“以情动人”的目的。所以在记叙文的写作中,最好采用描写的方式,即抓住生活中的三两个特写镜头,进行具体形象生动的描绘。我们知道,对事物的描写,越具体了就越形象,从而也就越生动。
最后,再提一个建议:充分地利用课文。
既然提高阅读理解能力的有效方法是“读”,那么从这个意义上讲,只要广泛地阅读就可以了。是的,除了快餐式的文章,还有那些垃圾式的文章之外,我们读什么文章都可以。
但是,读课文有读课文的好处。第一,课文是你的无声的老师。我们在读文章的过程中,对“写了什么”“怎么写的”,思考的正确与否呢?如果无人请教,我们将无法确定。可是如果我们去读课文,就不会存在这些问题。每篇课文都有阅读指导,课文之后还附有一些注释,它们可以给我们解疑答惑,帮助我们积累知识。既然除了快餐式的垃圾式的作文之外,读什么都可以,那么我们为什么不选择课文这个最有力的工具呢?第二,课文大都是一些典范作品,不需要我们再去浪费时间挑选。第三,高考的出题原则是“题目在课外,答案在课内”。就是仅仅从这个意义上讲,我们也得重视我们的课文啊!
当《舌尖上的中国》正在热播之时,作者选择美食作为写作对象,取材颇具时代性。纵观全文,无论是制作馒头与宽面的情景,还是表达自己对面条的情感,均细腻逼真。这样的文章,若出自初中生之手,算得上优秀之作。对于高中生而言,却又显得有些单薄。
之所以这样说,是因为作者只懂得正面描写,不懂得侧画或反面衬托。想一想,能不能模仿《舌尖上的中国》的作法,探究一下这美食的来源呢?比如加一段对麦田的描写,那样文章不仅有了情景交融的效果,更让美食有了一种情感底蕴。又想,在当今这个时代,还有几人会天天制作馒头与宽面呢?能不能换一种角度,从反面来讲述这种美食的远逝呢?那样或许更能展示这份寻常美食曾经带给自己的.幸福与美好。
Expert tips on how to prevent avian influenza H7N9 collated by current argument data dictionary
1.平时加强体育锻炼,多休息,避免过度劳累,不吸烟,勤洗手;注意个人卫生,打喷嚏或咳嗽时掩住口鼻。
1 usually strengthen physical exercise, rest more, avoid excessive overworked, do not smoke, wash their hands; pay attention to personal hygiene, when sneezing or coughing and cover your nose and mouth.
2.保持室内清洁,使用消毒液清洗的地毯,避免使用难以清洗的地毯,保持地面、天花板、家具及墙壁清洁,确保排水道通畅;保持室内空气流通,应每天开窗换气两次,每次至少10分钟,或使用抽气扇保持空气流通;尽量少去 空气不流通的场所。
2 keep the room clean, use disinfectant cleaning carpets, avoid the use of hard to clean the carpet, keep the floor, ceiling, furniture and walls clean, to ensure smooth drainage channel; maintains the indoor air circulation, ventilation windows should be at least two times a day, 10 minutes each time, or use a fan to keep air circulation; as little as possible to airless places.
3.注意饮食卫生,进食禽肉、蛋类要彻底煮熟,加工、保存食物时要注意生、熟分开;养成良好的卫生习惯,搞好厨房卫生,不生食禽肉和内脏。解剖活(死家禽、家畜及其制品后要彻底洗手。
3, pay attention to food hygiene, eating meat, eggs should be thoroughly cooked, processing, preservation of food to the attention of raw, cooked separately; develop good health habits, good kitchen hygiene, do not eat raw poultry meat and offal. Anatomy of living (dead to wash hands thoroughly, livestock and poultry products.
同时,在户外洗手不方便的时候,可以使用免洗洗手液,随身携带,随时随地隔离病菌,呵护您的健康。
At the same time, when the outdoor hand-washing is not convenient, can use hand sanitizer, carry whenever and wherever possible, isolate the pathogen, take care of your health.
4.发现疫情时,应尽量避免与禽类接触;公众特别是儿童应避免密切接触家禽和野禽。
4 found in the epidemic, should avoid contact with poultry; the public especially children should avoid close contact with poultry and wild birds.
5.注意生活用具的消毒处理。禽流感病毒不耐热,100°C下一分钟即可灭活。对干燥、紫外线照射、汞、氯等常用消毒药都很敏感。
5 pay attention to disinfection and living appliances. Avian influenza viruses do not heat, 100 ° C, one minute can be inact
记叙文出彩的方法有很多,我们一定要学会巧妙而综合地表达。具体而言:
1.“叙”的思路要开阔。要将所叙之事及所写之人写活,除了要有细节上的成功刻画,还得打开思路,学会由此及彼、由今及古及展开联想。如此一来,内容才会呈现充实之美。
2.“叙”的详略要恰当。对于正面描写的内容,得泼墨如云,重点地写;对于侧面或反面叙述的内容,则要惜墨如金,简要衬托。如此安排,才会收到相映生辉的效果。
Nowadays, many famous university campuses have become one of the popular tourist attractions. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that every year thousands and thousands of middle school students visit Tsing Hua University and Peking University and other famous universities in China. In the place far away from the capital city, the local students also visit the universities famous in their own province.
So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to open the university campus for tourists? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing for the students to visit the famous university campus in that it can enable the middle students to get more information about the university and they can have enough time and opportunity to prepare themselves with the chance to get into the university. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, the public tourism will have negative effect on the universities because it will not only do harm to the environment but also to the intellectual atmosphere.
In my opinion, the tourism to the universities is not a good thing. The campus is mainly a place for study. With the increasing tourism on the campus, it will ruin the spiritual atmosphere in this learning field.
首先,提纯范文 “谋篇布局”及结构模板。
第一段:提出问题或现象。Nowadays, … … have become one of the popular … …. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that … ….
第二段:正反列举人们的看法。So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to … …? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing for … … in that … …. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, … … will have negative effect on … … because it will not only do harm to … … but also to … ….
第三段:摆明自己观点。In my opinion, … … is not a good thing. … … With the increasing … …, it will ruin … ….
其次,提纯范文“段落写作”。
段落写作分为统一性,连贯性和完整性三方面。
统一性(unity:段落开头的主题句应该做到不可太宽泛,也不可太具体,做到有较强的概括性才能使下文做到有的放矢的展开。范文第二段首句以设问的方式提出一个问题is it a good or bad thing就有很强的概况性。下文自然会一方面从好的方面说明,另一方面从坏的方面说明。
连贯性(coherence:关联词是使文章段落之间相互连贯的必要条件。范文中nowadays, on one hand, on the other hand, in one’s opinion即以“启承转合”递进的顺序是文章条理清晰,层层展开。
完整性(completeness:以设问句“So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to open the university campus for tourists?”开头,这是平时较少运用的段落写作方式——设问法。“On one hand … …. On the other hand, … ….”是段落写作分类列举法的典型用法。
再次,提纯范文“句子写作”。
1. It has been shown that … …
类似句型:It is known to us that … …
It is said that … …
It is reported that … …
It is controversial that … …
2. “… … Tsing Hua University and Peking University and other famous universities … …。”——并列句。并列句是简单的复杂句。但其运用方法并不简单,注意练习并接句的使用,会使句子显的更加饱满。
3. enable v. 使…能够
I gave him full directions to enable him to find the house.
4. in that = because
表“因为”的连词还有since, for, as,如:
The boy was absent because he was ill. = The boy was absent since he was ill.
此句以我们常用的人称开头,句式简单,我们可以通过把since提前改变句式,如:
Since the boy was ill, he was absent. 句式多样化。
最后,提纯范文“措辞”。
1. attraction n. 具有吸引力的事情。
2. thousands and thousands 成千上万的
形容“多”的表达方法:millions and millions
a multitude of
a great deal of
a large amount of
plenty of
many a
3. “some people argued that … …”中的“argue”并不是“讨论,辩论”的意思,而是“认为”。
I argue that … …
I maintain that … …
I claim that … …
I insist that … … = I think that … …
I hold that … …
I assert that … …
I assume that … …
4. negative adj. 否定的.,相反的
hold negative view = hold opposite opinions
5. phenomenon n. 现象
social phenomenon 社会现象
natural phenomenon 自然现象
6. intellectual adj. 聪明的= intelligent, bright, clever
(选词策略:使用最近所学的单词,如intellectual > intelligent > bright > clever
在分析并掌握范文之后,我们需要运用范文知识练习仿写。笔者运用2005年12月范文中的模板结构仿写了2006年12月的四级作文,以供参考:
1. 许多人喜欢在除夕夜看春节晚会
2. 但有些人提出取消春节晚会
3. 我的看法
Nowadays, the Spring Festival Evening has become one of the popular topic and attractions during every traditional New Year’s Eve. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that every year thousands and thousands of Chinese people appear to be accustomed to enjoying the sights and sounds of a brilliant feast, while gathering with their beloved family.
However, an increasing number of people have voiced different opinions towards it. So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to cancel the Spring Festival Evening? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing to amuse the audience in that it is composed by a numerous adequate programs, such as the emotional song, the graceful dance, the funny short sketch, the amusing comic dialogue, the delightful magic, and the marvelous acrobatics and so on. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, the Spring Festival Evening will have negative effect on the family harmony because it will not only do harm to having the talks between family members on the Spring Festival Eve but also to enjoying the gourmet meal in a fancy restaurant.
In my opinion, the Spring Festival Evening is a good thing. It may not remain a must for all people, but it can bring us a strong sense of festivity and serve as an alternative among the variety of holiday activities. With the increasing audience of the Spring Festival Evening, it will ruin a distinctive culture during the Spring Festival vacation.
同样写记叙文, 对初中生与高中生的要求自然不同。初中阶段,注重于记叙要素的训练;高中阶段,则要学会构思曲折精致的情节,运用丰富多彩的表达技巧,表露自我复杂丰的思想情感。这就要求我们,不仅要懂得正面描写人物,还得学会从侧面甚至是反面进行迂回地衬托。掌握了下面列两点要求,文章自然会胜人一筹。
1.正面刻画,力求让记叙栩栩如生。一篇成功的记叙文,最基本的要求是从正面进行细腻刻画,不少专家甚至用“一个细节可以救活一篇文章”来强调正面描写的作用。这种细节,是鲁迅先生在《藤野先生》一文里所展示的用红笔添改过的讲义,是朱自清先生在《背影》一文里描写父亲越过铁路买回桔子的感人情景。大家或许读过梁实秋的《面条》,文章之所以如此精彩,正是由于那段细腻入微的正面刻画。文章里有这样的片断:“面条由一位厨子供应,他的本事不小。在夏天,他总是打赤膊,拿大块和好了的面团,揉成一长条,提起来拧成麻花形,滴溜溜地转,然后执其两端,上上下下地抖,越抖越长,两臂伸展到无可再伸,就把长长的面条折成双股,双股再拉,拉成四股,四股变成八股,一直拉下去,拉到粗细适度为止。在拉的过程中不时地在撤了干面粉的案子上重重地摔,使粘上干面,免得粘了起来。这样地拉一把面,可供十碗八碗。”虽然此事已经过去多年,可厨师那一“揉”一“提”、一“拧”一“抖”、一“伸”一“折”的动作,依然是宛如眼前。想一想,如果没有这种栩栩如生的正面描写,作家对面条何来那种刻骨铭心的记忆。
2.迂回衬托,力求让记叙相映生辉。也许有同学会问,既然细节描写能够救活一篇文章,为何还需要从侧面或反面进行迂回衬托呢?道理很简单。打个比方,山色再美,如果千篇一律,难免让人觉得单调。此时,若是引入一些荒山秃岭与之比较,印象也就更加深刻了;融入一些溪水,自然更会显出几分生机与活力。也就是说,侧面描写或反面内容,起到的其实是一种衬托作用。有了这些衬托,所写之人物才会呈现出立体感。正如梁实秋的《面条》一文,除了形象地再现了面条的制作过程后,(还从侧面讲了一个故事,说是妹妹小时患伤寒,气若游丝地说想吃炸酱面,于是母亲立即做了一小碗,妹妹竟然一两天后霍病便痊愈了,炸酱面的这种“超死回生之效”,作家怎能忘怀!最有意思是的,作家并没有就止打住,在文章收束之时,还写到:“我久已吃不到够标准的炸酱面,酱不对,面不对,面码不对,甚至于醋也不对”,这种反面内容的引入,更加激起了作家对往日那碗炸酱面的无限眷恋。如果缺少了这两个情节,写作效果自然会大打折扣。
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