I was born in a beautiful town with high mountains around it.The mountains are covered with all kinds of green bamboo.Through the town runs a small stream.It’s said that a new railway is going to be built to the east of the town and a bamboo factory to the west.All the children of the school age can go to school.If anyone is ill,he can go to see the doctor in the newly-built hospital.People in the town are hard-working and never take the backwardness lying down.Though they are having a richer and better life,they are not satisfied with what they have got.They are working hard to build their town into a modern one.
作为当今最有影响力之一的语言学理论,功能语法以社会学为导向,着重语言的功能性研究。其创始人韩礼德从儿童和成人的语言学习角度将语言功能高度理论化。根据韩的观点,儿童所使用的最原始的语言能够被简概为一套高度编码且抽象的功能,其中包含三个元功能(纯理功能):概念功能(ideational function),人际功能(interpersonal function)以及语篇功能(textualfunction)[1]。概念功能进一步被细化为和逻辑功能,表述在我们周围及自身所发生的事情,称之为“内容(content)”。概念功能通过及物性(transitivity)来实现,及物性由六个过程组成,即物质过程,心理过程,关系过程,行为过程,言语过程和存在过程。
功能语法把用来表达一系列概念意义,抽象和具体的外部世界,以及人的意识过程的结构单位叫做小句(clause),即句子或类似句子结构的统称。一个小句包含三个功能成份:过程(process),参与者(participant),和环境(circumstantials)。其中主要成份过程代表事件或状态,参与者即从时间,地点,方式等各个层面参与的人或事功能语法,而具体的参与者功能取决于过程类型。语言的及物性和作格性能够帮助将过程进行归类,及物性把经验世界看作是一套可控的过程模式。简而言之,及物性是与概念元功能相一致的小句语法,及物性分析能够定义不同的过程类型并由此决定过程的参与者,从而明确过程与参与者之间的逻辑关系[2]。
在韩提出的六个过程中,物质,心理和关系过程是最主要的。他们作为经验理论,是语法的奠基石,呈现三种截然不同的结构,是篇章中所有小句的主体。同时,韩提出了一个假设,这三个过程在整个语言中的分布频率大致平衡。然而,他自己也承认,此理论未经证实[3]。韩礼德用来阐释六个过程的小句皆为简短且相互独立无关联的句子,而此后的相关过程模式研究也仅仅探究了口头语篇或主观自创的例句cssci期刊目录。
My chinese teacher is Miss Huang. She is beautiful. She wears glasses. She always helps us study and.Music is her favourite. Eevrybody likes her because she has a kind heart.
Miss Lu is our math teacher. She,s very active and smart. She has tress. She,s young and pretty. She,svery strict,but kind. Her class is so much fun.My favourite teacher is Mr Lai. He is our English teacher. He has two small eyes and big mouth. He wears a pair of glasses, too. Because he is a university student. He,s very humoar. He speaks English very well.we like him so much.They are my teachers. Do you like them?
Thank you
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