这本书花了我300元。
I spent 300 yuan on the book.
I paid 300 yuan for the book.
The price of the book is 300 yuan.
It cost me 300 yuan to buy the book.
我不懂什么英语,李明也不懂。
I don’t know any English, nor does Li Ming.
I hardly know any English, nor does Li Ming.
I hardly know any English, neither does Li Ming.
I hardly know any English, no more does Li Ming.
I hardly know any English, so it is with Li Ming.
I know no more English than Li Ming does.
I know as little English as Li Ming does.
一到家,我就把所见到的一切都记了下来。
On/Upon arriving home, I wrote down everything I had seen.
As soon as I arrived home, I wrote down everything I had seen.
The moment I arrived home, I wrote down everything I had seen.
举例法就是举出实际事例来说明事物的方法,是最常见,往往也是最有效的阐释模式。
提醒
举例时应挑选具体、典型且有能力表达清楚的`例子,并注意按照一定的顺序编排。
请看上述范文第二段:“For instance”引出“lifetime goals”的实例,如,赢得研究奖金、出版有影响书或文章、获得大学的系主任职位、获得国家自然科学基金及大公司稳定的顾问职位。
定义法是用下定义的方式去揭示事物本质特征或概念内涵。它能使读者迅速抓住本质属性和基本特点。此法的句型:
① … is a/the … of … which/that …② … relate to/involve/refer to …
【例】
(1Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols which is used for human communication. 语言是人类用来交际的任意性的语音符号体系。
(2Intermediate goals relate to outcomes during the next few years.
(3Short-term goals involve outcomes expected during the next 12 months.
先要理解所引古籍或名言的含义,现联系说明的内容,看看这两者间有何内在联系,就能领悟其引用的目的了。在说明的开头文段或中间叙述有关的故事,究竟起何作用:
在文章开头叙述故事,其目的往往是为了引起读者阅读的兴趣,或者是为了引出说明对象。
在文章或段落中间叙述故事,往往是为了增强说明文的可读性,同时也为了说明事物的来源或作用。
数字法是运用数据来表明事物的本质和特点,准确合理的数据使文章精确可信。
【例】
(1Nearly half of all Americans over age 20 wear a bridge or denture,and more than 20 percent have complete upper and lower denture. By age 50, one out of every two persons has gum disease.
(2And it seems sensible to wait. One quarter of all marriages between people under twenty-one end in divorce. In Britain in 1972, there were 124,248 divorces.
说明文的说明方法除上面介绍的常见的几种以外,还有诸如分项法、列举法、比喻法及引用法等,只有综合运用多种说明方法,才能多角度、多层次地全面、清晰、准确地展示客观事物的本来面貌。
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