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[6]董婵,模糊限制语在教师课堂语言中的应用,http://www.zjxzlt. com/mdex. php? type= 3&flowid= 56668
课堂教学强调教师与学生之间的互动和交流,为了提高教师教的艺术性和学生学的效果,使用模糊限制语教学显得非常必要。
(一缓解学生紧张的压力
通常来讲,无论社会地位、知识水平还是权利分配,教师与学生都处于不平等关系。特别是课堂提问或开展互动活动时,教师都会对学生提出一些要求,而这些要求不能以命令式的语气,以避免给学生造成较大的压力。如:
(1I think you have got the answer, would you like to speak it out
(2 Could you say something about your family
一般来说,要生在课堂上回答问题,学生都会感到紧张。例子(1中,I think属于直接缓和语,使语气得以缓和。例子(2中could表示一种建议,学生对于回答这一问题就留有较大的余地,这就减轻学生回答问题时的压力。
(二增加表达的准确性和信服力
模糊限制语有提高话语准确性、使话语更可靠,客观的功能。在英语课堂中,教师通常会解释一些词的含义或阐述一种文化现象,使用模糊限制语使得教师的话语有根据,更有说服力。如在解释“honest”这个词时,教师用了这样一个句式:
(3 According to Oxford Dictionary, honest means not tellinglies, not cheating or stealing and straightforward.
在这个句子中,教师用了间接缓和型模糊限制语“according to”,说明这不是教师主观臆造的解释,而是来自权威的牛津词典,这就使得对这个词的解释更值得信服,具有权威性。
(三增强语言表达的委婉性
在教师与学生的交流中,其中一个重要的部分就是教师对学生的评价。学生对问题的回答有时会有错误或偏离题目原意,这是学生在学习过程中不可避免的,这时教师应委婉地指出错误,以免引起学生的抵触情绪和消极态度。如:
(4I'm afraid you had better think about it again.
例句中用了I'm afraid体现出教师没有采用正面否定的态度评价学生的回答,减轻了学生由于回答不够正确而出现的尴尬情绪,保护其回答问题的积极性。
四、结语
本文简要对模糊限制语的基本理论进行了阐述,并解释了模糊限制语在教师课堂语言中的作用。掌握模糊限制语在课堂教学中的使用技巧,能充分把握英语教学的规律和关键,从而提高英语课堂教学的效果。
模糊限制语属于模糊语言的范畴。1965年美国加利福利亚太学L.A、Zaden教授发表的《模糊集》(Fuzzy Sets促进了一系列有关模糊学科的`诞生,如模糊逻辑、模糊数学等。1972年著名语言学家Lakoff开始对模糊现象进行研究并最早提出了模糊限制语这个概念:把事物弄得模模糊糊的词。此后,模糊理论在许多领域都得到应用,模糊语言也随之产生并成为一门独立的学科。
但没过多久,国王就发现,人们都在忙于各自的事情,根本没时间读那么多本书,于是,国王又把这些学者们请回来,要他们把这12本书精编成一本。
按照国王的新命令,学者们费尽脑汁,几经筛选,最后终于编著出这一本书。不过,没多久,这些学者又接到国王的命令,国人还是没时间看完这本书,要他们再度集中,把这一本书里最重要的东西浓缩提炼成一句话。
最后,这一句话终于被提炼出来啦,不过在全世界有各式版本,比如,在中国,这句话是“织而衣,耕而食”,在美国,在英国、在丹麦,又都有着各自不同的一句话。不过故事的结尾在所有的国家都是相同的,那就是问每个读到这个故事的人:如果要你自己将自己认为生命中最重要的事情用一句话提炼出来,那会是什么。
故事的结尾处这样说:也许世界上并没有这样一个国家,也没有这样一个国王,但有一点却是千真万确的.,那就是许多人终其一生,都不知道自己生命中最重要的事情究竟是什么。
一个人的一生中充满各种大大小小的事情及诱惑,所以必须学会筛选与集中,比如筛选出一天中最重要的事情,集中精力先把最重要的这一件做完做好,剩余的时间与精力再尽量解决其它问题;比如筛选出一个月中最重要的事项,一年中最重要的目标项目,一生中最重要的……
"Treasure ink garden" this name is how to come, I asked my father and mother, but they are not too clear, so I found the Internet to treasure the edge of the ink garden. The package at temple was built in the Qing Dynasty Jiaqing years, is enshrined in the light Song Ming Chen, Bao Zheng. There is a flood in the Xijiang River, there is a black wood drifting to the village, they put it back in the river, who knows the downstream water, the wood back to the village. When this happens again and again, people find it very strange and consecrate the black wood. Jiaqing four years the court to exterminate the corrupt He Shen, the society set off anti-corruption of the wind. As a result, people naturally want to get like that to clean Bao governance officials. Put the wood carved like BaoQingTian, build package at. The package at baomo garden predecessor.
There are many baomo garden Koi, we bought a bag of feed into a koi, the door to see there are many Koi under the bridge. We stand on the side of the bridge into the water with a feed, some from our past news Koi wags its tail to swim over, see here are also other Koi feed the gathering in crowds and groups swam, their mouths, tail slapping the water, as if eager to feed them we'll plant more points, very energetic.
Go down as if you are in the ancient garden, everywhere south of the Five Ridges classical architecture, bridges, will reveal pavilions, terraces and open halls, the heritage of Chinese culture, which baomo garden there are many precious cultural relics, there are many different periods of jade collection, calligraphy and painting etc.
The start of this year's first class show strong,unusually brilliant.China's first female astronaut liu Yang first appeared as a guest speaker,she spoke about full of poetry,vivid tells the story of the beauty of the space,the beauty of the earth,at the same time also tells the story after she returned to the earth the beauty of human nature,tender feeling and touching.
Said liu himself in the space,more was shocked by the beauty of the earth,"this generation inhabit our planet,in the boundless universe should appear so magnificent,so dazzling,she segmental arc edge is visible,covered with a layer of blue and white halo,sunlight cast in the sea deep shallow blue,vein and clear,clear long coastline.The earth is so beautiful,exquisite planet,in a dark universe,quietly coruscate gives a dreamy,blue light,like a Mosaic on the black velvet of the sapphire,it is a kind of beyond the beauty of language.It is my home,where are my dearest friends and family,at that moment,I was so far away from the earth,but it is so close to".
Liu Yang can't wait to return to the bosom of the earth in space,"after such a trip to space,saw the smallness of the earth,to better understand the earth's greatest; left earth,and realize the dependence on the planet is infinite,infinite love.I love the sunshine here,love the fresh air here,love the pure water here,love the rivers and lakes here,love the mountains,plains,love live here diverse species,love living here we human beings".
The most beautiful,brought color to our life,warm every hurt heart,healing,gives people hope,the future and courage,they are the most beautiful,is also the most lovely!
Yesterday I saw the school first class, feeling very deep. This year's theme is beauty is near. Beauty, a very common words, we are literally think beauty is beautiful. So, what is the true meaning of beauty?
With the question I look up, the first lesson is to find beauty. How to find? It makes people lost in thought. When everybody zhang two monks confused, host "shenzhou" 9 astronaut liu Yang, please tell for you. Liu said, the universe is endless, much bigger than she had expected: long, on the other side of the galaxy, the star vega, mercury, Saturn... . All panoramic view. Time is the most interesting of weightlessness, everyone one by one all floating in the air, pens, book ah of what are messy, can be fun. Finally, she concludes the essence to find beauty, love sports, and more to find the beauty around, so beauty will show in front of you.
LiuLiLi mountain elementary school teachers as the second class of the bell took to the podium, she is only 20 years old this year, in this flower age, many girls are enjoying, who will suffer poor mountainous areas! Can't liu, she is out of the mountain, liu with great love for the children's happiness, she hold the children art, gymnastics and other mountainous area children can't learn knowledge. Liu planted beauty, transfer the beauty. Let the beauty of the mountains germination, results. So she right because when people called the most beautiful teacher, this is to create beautiful?
Gymnastics team player Chen yibing showed also in the field. His contribution for our country in the London Olympic Games, the host asked him why he is going to win? His answer: before the race, they are seen as a failure. But because of his companions support each other, encourage each other. Make them very first champions league. The companion's encouragement is beauty.
Yu Dan is the most let me have a feeling of the teacher's words. She hit a harmonious beauty, for example, put eggs, tea, carrot in boiling water, eggs, hardened into the fragrant tea, tea radish was soft. That means what? Hardened eggs tend to be the kind of person who are "really low on agreeableness, and most men are single minded and turnip are too weak, they couldn't get hold of degree dating, so don't be understood, so being bullied. And the tea? It combines with water, this kind of person is good at unity collective, so they are best represents the harmonious beauty.
The school first class with only an hour and a half, but let me benefit a lot.
从语法角度来看,L.Zaden将模糊限制语分为四类。第一类,某些形容词、副词,如very,usually,recently,somewhere等。第二类,在某些词后加上“ish”,“likely”,“-ly”等后缀构成模糊限制语,如reddish,sweetish,manly,childlikely等。第三类,表示说话者对事情拿不定主意、犹豫不决的词,如as if,as thought,so- - - that等。第四类,说话者在表述自己意见时,为了显示更加有礼貌而采用的某些句式,如I think,I guess,it seems to me等。从语用功能角度来看,E.F.Prince及其同事J.Frader和C.Bosk把模糊限制语分为变动型模糊限制语(approximators和缓和型模糊限制语( shields。变动型模糊限制语可以通过其就话题的真实程度和涉及范围对话题内容进行修正。缓和型模糊限制语不改变话语结构的原意,用于指出话语是说话人或第三者的看法,使语气趋于缓和。
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