Hi!大家好,我是一台电脑,我有“主机哥哥”,“显示屏妹妹”,还有“鼠标弟弟”。想认识我吗?那就接着往下看吧!
这几年,人们家里该添的'家具都添齐了,电器当让也不能少了。那些工作人员把我搬到别人家里。他们以后就是我的主人了,我一定要好好完成我的使命!让他们可以好好用我,我也从而完成我的责任。但是几天后在灾难降临到了我的头上,那些我的小主人们,开始在我的肚子上玩起了拳皇,他们在我的肚子上,左拍一下,右打一下。我的肚子,好痛,好痛。有时,他们竟然打通宵,我的肚子可遭殃了,但是,为了完成我的义务,我只好强忍着。本想到此我的痛便可以结束(他们开始不玩拳皇了)。但是人算不如天算。他们下载了DNF,在开始玩的时候嫌网速太慢,便关掉了***毒软件,而在这时他们还在下载着QQ飞车,没有了***毒软件的保护,我的身体将不再受保护。突然,木马侵犯了我的身体,我闭上了眼,我中病毒了!修电脑的医生治好了我,那些小主人们也知道了错,不在我的肚子上左敲右击了。
最后,我想告诫大家;游戏,少玩益脑,多玩则伤身那!
我国实行对外开放以来,对外贸易得到迅速发展。WTO的成功加入,使我国的对外贸易事业有了突破和发展。作为对外贸易中的一种基本的通讯联络方式,商务英语书信也得到广泛应用。对于外贸专业的学生以及从事对外贸易的工作者来说,熟练掌握商务英语书信的格式与结构并加以应用,是不可或缺的一项技能。
商务英语书信有自己独特的格式与结构。虽然现在的人们喜欢标新立异,喜欢以一种更随意、更友好的方式进行交往,但是,为了避免寄信方和收信方之间由于格式、结构的不统一而引起的混乱,以及由此而带来的查找不便、使双方花费不必要的时间,所以,最安全、最有效的方法就是遵循国际上常用的、约定俗成的格式与结构。一旦选定一种格式与结构,最好是坚持使用,不能想改就改,想换就换,否则就会给对方一种不稳定、不踏实的感觉,会引起一些意想不到的麻烦,有可能最后导致交易的失败。
一般来说,现在使用的商务英语书信的格式主要有两种:传统的缩头式(the conventionalindented form 和现代的齐头式(the modern blocked form 。
根据英国传统做法,缩头式要在信文每一段缩进五或六个字母的空间,有时可能会缩进更多。现在,齐头式在商务英语书信中使用得非常普遍。它的突出特点就是所有信的内容都从信纸的左边开始,段落与段落之间要比缩头式多空出两到三行,以便于区分。这种格式被称作齐头式(the fullblocked form 。但是,有时把日期放在信纸的左边会给查找带来不便,所以,人们使用了一种改良的齐头式(the modifiedblocked form ,即把日期放在右边,而把其他内容放在左边。
一般来说,我们通常使用单行距来布局一封信,这会使我们所写的信有一种紧凑感,但有些人在写短信的时候,更喜欢用双行距。
根据个人或公司的喜好,可以选择使用齐头式或缩头式。但不论选择哪一种格式,一般商务英语书信的结构都包括以下几部分内容:
(1 信头(the letter - head
(2 案号和日期(the reference and date
(3 封内名称和地址(the inside name and address
(4 开头称呼语(the salutation
(5 信文(the message or the body of the letter
(6 结尾敬语(the complimentary close
(7 写信人签名或签署(the writer’s signature and designation
(8 注意事项(the attention line
(9 事由、标题(the subject line
(10 经办人代号(the reference notation
(11 附件(the enclosure
(12 抄送(the carbon copy notation
(13 附言(the postscript
在商务英语书信中,上述每一部分内容都有自己固定的位置,包含自己独特的内容,它们是不能随意互换的。
信头所包含的是写信人的基本情况,包括他的姓名、地址、电话号码、电传号码以及传真号码甚至E - mail 地址。信头在信纸的最上方,有的公司把信头直接印在所使用的信纸上。质量优良的信纸以及一个整洁、匀称的信头,可以展示一个公司的风采,增强公司的信誉。
案号是写信时所给的、以便查询的字母或数字。经常以“Our ref”和“Your ref”来区分。它的位置一般是在信头的右边。而日期在信头以下三行或四行,不管是齐头式还是缩头式,一般把日期放在右端,这可起到行尾的作用,使信看上去更整齐。在商务英语书信中,日期一定要写全,不能用数字的形式,因为美国和英国的日期标示法是不同的。英国的日期标示法是“24thMarch. 2002”, 而美国的日期标示法则是“March24 ,2002”。月、日的后面用逗号,年份后面不用标点。
封内名称和地址即收信人的名称和地址,要放在信纸的左上方,在日期以下三行或更多行,这可根据信的长短来定。
封内名称和地址要用齐头式,紧靠信纸的左边,这样会使信看上去整齐。
开头称呼语是写信人开始信文的礼貌用语,一般商务英语书信中多用Dear Sir , Dear Sirs 或Gentlemen ,并且独立成行,在封内名称和地址以下三行。在Dear Sir 或Dear Sirs 后面用逗号,而在Gentlemen 后面用冒号。
信文是实质性的内容,信文的书写要求是简洁、清晰、礼貌;语法正确,切中要点;段落划分明确,每段集中于一个话题;打印准确,布局要有艺术性,使你的信件看上去赏心悦目。尤其注意页边空栏,它是信文的框架。信文多用单行距,有些短信可用双行距。
结尾敬语是信件结束时的一种礼貌用语。它只是一种礼貌用语,在信中没有实际意义,传统使之成为必须,并已成为习惯,所以一直沿用至今。传统的结尾敬语有: Yours faithfully , Yours truly(多用于美国 等,也有人用倒装的Faithfullyyours , Truly yours 等。结尾敬语必须和信文紧连一起,不能分开,更不能把它单独放到另一页。如遇此种情况,则信件必须重新安排、打印。
签署是写信人或其所代表公司的名称或标记。公司名称可以打印,而主管人签名则必须是手写,两者都不可用印章代替。这部分在结尾敬语以下三行,大约留出五行或更多的空间。
注意事项的习惯用语是:For the attention of 或简单的Attention ,下面一般要加上横线。当信件是写给特定的人或主办部门时,则用此用语。它在开头称呼语以上两行。除齐头式外,可放在信文以上中间。
事由或标题在开头称呼语以下两行,下加横线,除齐头式外,一般放在信文以上中间。经常是用一词或简单的几个词来表示信文的.主题,让收信人先对所谈内容有所了解。
经办人代号在签署以下两行。是打字员名字的首字母缩写,可用小写,也可用大写。
附件在经办人代号以下两行。写信人可标示出一个或多个信中所提到的附件。经常使用的形式有: Enclosure , Enclosures ,Encl. ,Enc. 等。
抄送在附件以下两行。抄送有明、暗两种方式。明示的标记为cc ,后面加上收件人或公司的名字,可打印在原件和复印件上。暗示的标记为bcc ,后加收件人或公司的名字,只打印在复印件上,并且只有写信人和收信人知道。
附言在抄送以下两行。如写信人想增加些信中忘记提到的内容,可用此方式,但应尽量避免使用。因为它可能会给人一种错觉,即在写信前,你未能很好地安排你的信件。这可能会影响到你的信誉。
在上述十三部分内容中,前七部分是每一封商务英语信件所必需包含的内容,而后几部分则是可有可无的。
总之,当你书写商务英语书信的时候,必须谨记:选定一种格式,坚持使用,不能变来变去;结构中的内容要安排合理得当,所必需的七部分内容一个都不能少。布局好的信件是双方交易的好的开始。一封布局优雅、端庄匀称的信件,会留给人一种良好的印象,促进双方的进一步往来,直至交易的达成。
to prevent H7N9 we should know some common sense. First of all, it is important for us to prevent H7N9 from ourselves. For example, clean our hands frequently.
Sencondly, do more exercises. Such as running. Lastly, change our diet to keep balence. For example, eat more types of vegetables and drink more water
To see a world in a grain of sand,
And a heaven in a wild flower,
Hold infinity in the palm of your hand,
And eternity in an hour.
一沙一世界,
一花一天堂,
手中即无限,
永恒亦短暂。
Computer is a very useful machine. Some of them are big, but some of them are very small .Many people like playing computer. Computer has many functions, so that people can do a lot of things by computer, like watching movies, listening to the music or playing games. It can make our lives very colorful and convenient. Various people can make good use of computer. Children can use computer to learn and play games. Parents can use computers to work. I think computer is a kind of wonderful and interesting machine, so I like computer very much.
电脑是一种很有用的机器。有的电脑很大,但是有的'很小。很多人喜欢玩电脑。电脑有很多功能,人们可以i用电脑做很多事情,比如说看电影,听音乐或者玩游戏。它可以使我们的生活充满色彩和便利。各种各样的人都可以好好利用电脑。小孩子可以用电脑来学习和玩游戏。父母可以用电脑来工作。我认为电脑是一种神奇有趣的机器,所以我很喜欢电脑。
Nowadays, many famous university campuses have become one of the popular tourist attractions. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that every year thousands and thousands of middle school students visit Tsing Hua University and Peking University and other famous universities in China. In the place far away from the capital city, the local students also visit the universities famous in their own province.
So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to open the university campus for tourists? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing for the students to visit the famous university campus in that it can enable the middle students to get more information about the university and they can have enough time and opportunity to prepare themselves with the chance to get into the university. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, the public tourism will have negative effect on the universities because it will not only do harm to the environment but also to the intellectual atmosphere.
In my opinion, the tourism to the universities is not a good thing. The campus is mainly a place for study. With the increasing tourism on the campus, it will ruin the spiritual atmosphere in this learning field.
首先,提纯范文 “谋篇布局”及结构模板。
第一段:提出问题或现象。Nowadays, … … have become one of the popular … …. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that … ….
第二段:正反列举人们的看法。So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to … …? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing for … … in that … …. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, … … will have negative effect on … … because it will not only do harm to … … but also to … ….
第三段:摆明自己观点。In my opinion, … … is not a good thing. … … With the increasing … …, it will ruin … ….
其次,提纯范文“段落写作”。
段落写作分为统一性,连贯性和完整性三方面。
统一性(unity:段落开头的主题句应该做到不可太宽泛,也不可太具体,做到有较强的概括性才能使下文做到有的放矢的展开。范文第二段首句以设问的方式提出一个问题is it a good or bad thing就有很强的概况性。下文自然会一方面从好的方面说明,另一方面从坏的方面说明。
连贯性(coherence:关联词是使文章段落之间相互连贯的必要条件。范文中nowadays, on one hand, on the other hand, in one’s opinion即以“启承转合”递进的顺序是文章条理清晰,层层展开。
完整性(completeness:以设问句“So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to open the university campus for tourists?”开头,这是平时较少运用的段落写作方式——设问法。“On one hand … …. On the other hand, … ….”是段落写作分类列举法的典型用法。
再次,提纯范文“句子写作”。
1. It has been shown that … …
类似句型:It is known to us that … …
It is said that … …
It is reported that … …
It is controversial that … …
2. “… … Tsing Hua University and Peking University and other famous universities … …。”——并列句。并列句是简单的复杂句。但其运用方法并不简单,注意练习并接句的使用,会使句子显的更加饱满。
3. enable v. 使…能够
I gave him full directions to enable him to find the house.
4. in that = because
表“因为”的连词还有since, for, as,如:
The boy was absent because he was ill. = The boy was absent since he was ill.
此句以我们常用的人称开头,句式简单,我们可以通过把since提前改变句式,如:
Since the boy was ill, he was absent. 句式多样化。
最后,提纯范文“措辞”。
1. attraction n. 具有吸引力的事情。
2. thousands and thousands 成千上万的
形容“多”的表达方法:millions and millions
a multitude of
a great deal of
a large amount of
plenty of
many a
3. “some people argued that … …”中的“argue”并不是“讨论,辩论”的意思,而是“认为”。
I argue that … …
I maintain that … …
I claim that … …
I insist that … … = I think that … …
I hold that … …
I assert that … …
I assume that … …
4. negative adj. 否定的.,相反的
hold negative view = hold opposite opinions
5. phenomenon n. 现象
social phenomenon 社会现象
natural phenomenon 自然现象
6. intellectual adj. 聪明的= intelligent, bright, clever
(选词策略:使用最近所学的单词,如intellectual > intelligent > bright > clever
在分析并掌握范文之后,我们需要运用范文知识练习仿写。笔者运用2005年12月范文中的模板结构仿写了2006年12月的四级作文,以供参考:
1. 许多人喜欢在除夕夜看春节晚会
2. 但有些人提出取消春节晚会
3. 我的看法
Nowadays, the Spring Festival Evening has become one of the popular topic and attractions during every traditional New Year’s Eve. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that every year thousands and thousands of Chinese people appear to be accustomed to enjoying the sights and sounds of a brilliant feast, while gathering with their beloved family.
However, an increasing number of people have voiced different opinions towards it. So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to cancel the Spring Festival Evening? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing to amuse the audience in that it is composed by a numerous adequate programs, such as the emotional song, the graceful dance, the funny short sketch, the amusing comic dialogue, the delightful magic, and the marvelous acrobatics and so on. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, the Spring Festival Evening will have negative effect on the family harmony because it will not only do harm to having the talks between family members on the Spring Festival Eve but also to enjoying the gourmet meal in a fancy restaurant.
In my opinion, the Spring Festival Evening is a good thing. It may not remain a must for all people, but it can bring us a strong sense of festivity and serve as an alternative among the variety of holiday activities. With the increasing audience of the Spring Festival Evening, it will ruin a distinctive culture during the Spring Festival vacation.
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