gathering nearly all the well-known chinese original cartoon characters, ne zha, monkey sun and zhu bajie, the top three cartoon characters voted by kids, will lead acting in this dream fairyland and experience an outer space journey by spacecraft named °chang e±. including big-face cat, piggy bear and other nearly 20 characters will be joining this journey. a cartoon olympic game is on schedule as well, and the main difficulty they confront is how to ignite the torch on the pate of giraffe.
this smash show from cctv gathered a top line-up in chinese drama and cartoon field. top producers for screenwriting, choreography, casting, lighting and music devoted their talents here. lead acted by liu xiao ling tong and ma de hua, who are well-known for their excellent performance in tv series °journey to the west±, while notable children programs presiders as ju ping, dong hao, jin guizi and etc also join this sweet play with their specific role. cute characters, fantastic plot will endow kids a memorable hilarious night!
——王力《中国语言学史》
王力先生的《中国语言学史》是一部叙述从先秦时期到解放前期的汉语研究发展的历史。该书以研究对象为线索分类,分为训诂为主的时期;韵书为主的时期;文字、声韵、训诂全面发展的时期;西学东渐时期,这种分类方式虽然与其他的以时间为线索的分类方式不同,但也基本上与之相吻合。
按照王力先生的观点中国语言学史,真正的语言学始于五四运动以后,之前的各种研究均属于语文学研究,或称为语言学的萌芽时期、积淀时期。本书从先秦时期的零星的语文学知识开始叙述到解放以前,应视为广义的“语言学”研究,严格来说,应称为汉语言研究简史。
王力先生对中国语言学史的分期,简单来说可称为“两个阶段,四个时期”
第一阶段,从汉代到清代末年,这是封建主义文化的阶段;第二个阶段,从1899年到1949年,这是资本主义文化的阶段,这两个阶段的分期,是以第一部语法著作《马氏文通》的问世。
按照四个时期来说,第一个时期是经学时期,这个时期的特点是以疏解经义为目的,其中重要的著作《说文解字》、《尔雅》。秦汉时期有很多编纂的识字课本,当时国家对语文教育非常重视。直到《说文》的出现,标志着中国语言学史的一个阶段,童蒙识字课本阶段。汉代崇尚经学,“训诂”由此兴起,但读古书,在学校讲授经书,不能随便乱讲,《汉书·艺文志》又说“古文读应尔雅,故解古今语而可知也”。“读书应尔雅”就是讲解应该正确,《尔雅》实际上是一种故训汇编。
第二个时期是佛学与理学时期,在这一时期经义虽也还算重要,但主要不在于字义的辨析,而在于章句的阐述,于是语言学的重点转移到音韵学上,以与文学上的声律,哲学上的佛教相配合。韵书产生的原因是为了适应诗赋的需要。莫有芝《韵学源流》说:“今韵者,隋唐以来历代诗家承用之谱也。”莫氏的话可以说明韵书的性质。在韵书为适应诗赋需要的同时,出现了超过这种需要,而进入语言学领域的《切韵》,虽然已经亡佚,通过学者的考释以及《广韵》前面的作者的《切韵序》,可以将《广韵》的语音系统看成是《切韵》的语音系统。王力先生认为《切韵》的语音系统是以一个方言的语音系统为基础(可能是洛阳话),同时照顾古音系统的混合物。另一部韵书《中原音韵》同样具有重要价值,《中原音韵》由于是为北曲而作,使用范围狭小一些,影响也相对较弱,但是从中国语言学史上看,《中原音韵》的.价值,比起《切韵》有过之而无不及,因为它基本上是以实际语音为根据的。
第三个时期是经学复兴时期,经学家们遥承“汉学”,作风与“宋学”迥然不同。清儒在研究方法上超越前人,“小学”硕果累累,同时甲骨文的出土,铜器的增加,有条件认识汉人所未识的文字,在一定程度上比汉人多了解远古的语言。清代是小学的黄金时代,《说文解字》的研究在这个时期最盛,因此,乾嘉间的《说文》之学被认为是文字学的复兴。清代说文之学,大致分为四类,第一类是校勘和考证的工作;第二类是对《说文》有所匡正;第三类是对《说文》做全面研究,多所阐发;第四类是补充订正先辈或同时代的著作,其中以第三类最为重要,并且出现了“段玉裁、桂馥、朱骏声、王筠”说文四大家。在甲骨文和铜器的影响之下,在清以后,出现了古文字学的极盛时期。
第四个时期是西学东渐时期,这个时期是以资产阶级语言学为主流,语言学的领域扩大了,方法改进了,取得了一些新的成果。从清末到解放前,西洋的影响,基本上是资产阶级语言学的影响,出现了中国真正的语法书《马氏文通》,在模仿西洋语法的同时,也指出了汉语语法与拉丁语法、英语语法的差异。普通语言学传到中国,学者们对语言研究才有所转变,可以对现代语言学进行静态研究,在研究方法上也有所突破,例如:记音的方法不再是用反切的旧方法而是利用音标。赵元任的《现代吴语的研究》,是中国描写语言学较早的著作。
王力先生的这本《中国语言学史》内容丰富,写作谨严,观点新颖。在每一个分期之下,描述这一时期的研究特点,历史进程,和重要意义,其中援引了许多经典著作中的观点,同时也对每一时期的研究对象,重要代表人物和著作,进行了详细的分析,指出了其重要的价值,历史地位,同时也指出了不足之处,体现了王力先生严谨的学术态度。这本著作第一次给中国语言学的发展历史做了一个系统的总结建立起一个科学的体系对我国语言学研究具有重要的开创性作用。
关于中国语言学始于五四运动以后的观点,我有不同的想法,西方的语言学成为独立的学科是在19世纪初,而我们国家的语言学几乎晚了一个世纪,这差距有点过于悬殊了。虽然我们之前的研究大多针对文字的研究,但也有像扬雄的《方言》研究语言的著作,《切韵》《广韵》研究语音的著作,还有虽然之前的研究只是零星的工作,但也不能彻底否认其中的语言学研究的成就,我认为应该看做不完整,不成系统的语言学研究时期。
Bicycle is a convinient means of transporation. It has been very popular in China. During the rush hours, particularly in big cities, you can often see a sea of bicycle riders in the streets. People can ride bicycles to their working places, to schools, to shopping centers and so on. In a word, bicycles play an important role in daily life.
Compared with cars, bicycles have many advantages. Firstly, they are not so expensive as cars and almost every family can afford to buy and repair them. Secondly, riding bicycle is a healthy form of exercise. They do good to our health. Thirdly, bicycles can save energy and does not cause any pollution, while cars will cause serious air pollution, which makes the air in our living place very dirty and makes a lot of people suffer from lung cancer. As we all know, China is a country with a large population. Ifeach family has a car, a large amount of energy would be wasted and air pollution would become more and more serious. Finally, most Chinese people don’ t live far away from where they work or study, it is convenient to ride bicycles. I think that is why bicycles are used so much.
Bicycles are so popular in China that China is often referred to as the kingdom of bicycles. I hope more and more people can ride bicycles in order to make our planet better and cleaner.
自行车是一种方便的交通工具。它在中国非常受欢迎。在高峰期间,尤其是在大城市,你可以经常在街上看到自行车骑手。人们可以骑自行车上班,学校、购物中心等等。总之,自行车在日常生活中起着重要的作用。
与汽车相比,自行车有许多优点。首先,他们不是很昂贵的汽车,几乎家家都能买得起和修理它们。其次,骑自行车是一种健康的运动。他们对我们的健康有益。第三,自行车可以节约能源,不会造成任何污染,而汽车会造成严重的空气污染,使我们生活的地方的空气变得非常脏,使很多人患有肺癌。我们都知道,中国是一个人口众多的国家。如果每个家庭都有一辆汽车,就会浪费掉大量的能源,而且空气污染会越来越严重。最后,大多数中国人不远离他们工作或学习生活,骑自行车很方便。我认为这就是自行车在中国大量使用的原因。
自行车在中国如此受欢迎,中国通常被称为自行车王国。我希望越来越多的`人可以骑自行车为了让我们的地球更好的和更清洁的。
The bicycle is the most popular means of transportation in China. China is a country “on bicycle wheels”。 People ride them for various purposes such as going to and from school and work. Bicycles are very cheap and easy to buy in China.
There are many advantages to riding a bicycle. First, using a bicycle can greatly help reduce the air pollution in many big cities. Second, people can improve their health by riding a bicycle.
The future of bicycle will be bright. In some European countries, city governments have arranged pedestrians to use “public bicycles” to travel round the city center free of charge.
obviously cctv is determined to change their traditional song and dance gala form for kid, they created a theater cartoon drama for this kids joy。
gathering nearly all the well—known chinese original cartoon characters, ne zha, monkey sun and zhu bajie, the top three cartoon characters voted by kids, will lead acting in this dream fairyland and experience an outer space journey by spacecraft named °chang e±。 including big—face cat, piggy bear and other nearly 20 characters will be joining this journey。 a cartoon olympic game is on schedule as well, and the main difficulty they confront is how to ignite the torch on the pate of giraffe。
this smash show from cctv gathered a top line—up in chinese drama and cartoon field。 top producers for screenwriting, choreography, casting, lighting and music devoted their talents here。 lead acted by liu xiao ling tong and ma de hua, who are well—known for their excellent performance in tv series °journey to the west±, while notable children programs presiders as ju ping, dong hao, jin guizi and etc also join this sweet play with their specific role。 cute characters, fantastic plot will endow kids a memorable hilarious night!
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