3.1 样本与分析方法
本文选取的五篇英文议论文样本如下:The Real Truth About Lies (Randy Fitzgerald,882 字,选自The World Of English,2001.6); Education ( E.B. White,1021字,选自The Hill Reader,135-155); The Art Of SmartGuessing ( Bryan W. Mattimore,1034 字,选自The World English,2001.2); On The Art OfAdvertising ( Samuel Johnson功能语法,995 字,选自 The Hill Reader,453-455); 以及 The Green Frog Skin(John Lame Deer,1166 字,选自The Hill Reader ,332-334).
笔者依据物质,心理,关系,行为,言语和存在六个过程对每篇文章的分句进行了判定,并为进一步的量化分析计算出各分句所占比例。具体分布情况如下表所示:
物质
过程
心理
过程
关系
过程
行为
过程
言语
过程
存在
过程
总计
篇章1
26
13
32
1
25
4
101
篇章2
35
8
29
7
5
8
92
篇章3
26
9
35
2
1
14
87
篇章4
31
13
24
7
7
82
篇章5
42
13
46
10
7
3
121
总计
160
56
166
20
45
36
483
百分比
33%
11.6%
34.4%
4%
9%
7.5%
主句
16
16
40
2
16
7
97
百分比
16.5%
16.5%
41.2%
2%
16.5%
7.2%
附属从句与嵌入式从句
64
22
36
10
9
13
154
百分比
41.56%
14.3%
23.4%
6.5%
6%
8.4%
3.2 分析结果与探讨
从上表可以看出,韩礼德的六个过程模式在英文议论中呈现不均衡分布。从整体来看,物质过程和关系过程所占比例分别为33%和34.4%。这就意味着在英文议论文中,物质和关系过程占据主体地位,二者总体超过总数的三分之二,而其他四个过程仅占不到三分之一。单从主句来看,关系过程以41.2%的比例占据主导地位,同时,我们可以发现一个非常有趣的现象,即物质,心理,言语过程所占比例均为16.5%。在从句的过程分布比例中,物质过程占41.5%,非常接近关系过程在主句中所占的比重。其次是关系过程,所占百分比为23.4。存在过程在整体分句,主句及从句中的分布比例较为稳定。出现比例最小的为行为过程。
结合小句过程模式的分布比例和议论文的特点,笔者的分析如下:
第一,物质过程是摆事实,讲论据的最佳途径。作为质询和决策的方式之一,议论文应当提供充分有力的证据来引领读者挖掘事件的方方面面。论据通常包括常识,例证,事实,数据,引用等等。有效的论据必须能够清楚直接地证明论点cssci期刊目录。一般情况下,人的行为即为已经发生的无可改变的既成事实,而物质过程作为外部经验的表述恰好使其成为了提供论据最为常用的模式。在议论文中,从句通常扮演着为主句提供事实或数据的角色,由此不难解释为何物质过程在从句中占据绝对比例。例如,在复杂句“advertisements are now so numerous that theyare very negligently perused”中,其从句“they are verynegligently perused,”阐述了主句所引发的事实结果。相反地,主观意见和心理活动的论证说明力远不如事实,这也正是心理过程在议论文中所占比重较小的原因。
第二,关系过程在英文议论文中的显著地位源于其对逻辑关系的阐释。逻辑性对议论文至关重要功能语法,议论文的目的就是通过理性说明来赢得读者的认同,而读者对新观点的认同建立在其已认同的事实和原理的基础之上。因此,从本质上来说,议论文是通过良好的逻辑建立和加强共同与合作意识的过程。换言之,所有能够作为论据的事实和原理都必须相互并与结论有逻辑性地联系在一起,任何逻辑错误或推理失误都可能导致读者对整篇文章论点的怀疑。关系过程,表明一项经验与另一项经验之间的关系,恰好能够清楚地阐释读议论文中的逻辑关系。以代表句型“x is a”为例,x与a之间的逻辑关系并非唯一的。a既可作为某项特征表明x的特性,也可作为指代与x进行互换。简而言之,在关系过程中,主句通常是被从句归纳化或概念化的特征或指代。
第三,在英文议论中,看似表达主观观点与意愿的言语过程同样不可或缺。引用权威的语言,观点,评论或表达都常常作为强有力的事实支撑来赞同或反对某一观点,而无论是直接引用还是间接引用,都必须通过言语过程来体现。
第四,其他过程类型在英文议论文中同样占据一席之地并发挥着举足轻重的作用。对议论文而言,描述,叙述,阐释等写作手法的合理利用与相辅相成无疑是锦上添花。正因如此,六个过程在英文议论文中的不同分布比例恰好是议论文客观,有逻辑,严肃及某种程度上带有一定主观色彩的特点等要求的自然结果。
周日中午没睡午觉,特意看了动画片《美人鱼公主》,相信这部动画片很多人都看过,因为它美丽,浪漫,充满了神秘的气息,而且制作精美,设计巧妙,又尤其美人鱼形象堪称一绝。
美丽的爱丽儿是一条可爱的小美人鱼,她一心向往人类世界,每天都想尽办法游出海面,企图能够接触人类。可是接触人类世界却是人鱼法律所禁止的。她聪明、勇敢、喜欢冒险,常和她最好的朋友小比目鱼胖胖还有音乐大臣赛巴斯丁一起出去探险
个人很喜欢美人鱼这个动画角色,也许每个女人潜意识里都会有些浪漫情结吧(老公经常强调我不浪漫,太现实,喜欢斤斤计较,抓住别人的小辫子不放,虽然我一直没找到机会和辩词来进行反驳,但我心里是从来都没承认过我有这么多的缺点的。,虽然小孩都上幼儿园了,但还是喜欢看这个动画片。
Mike O'Donnell's wife wants a divorce, his kids are remote, he didn't get the job promotion he expected, and everything else in his life has gone wrong since that magic year when he was 17, a basketball star, in love, and looked like Zac Efron instead of Matthew Perry. He's obviously a case for treatment by a Body Swap Movie.Revisiting the trophy case at his old high school, Mike encounters a janitor who, from the way he smiles at the camera, knows things beyond this mortal coil. If only Mike could go back to 17 and not make all the same mistakes. In "17 Again," he can. He falls into a Twilight Zone vortex and emerges as Zac Efron. They say be careful what you wish for, because you might get it. Mike should have been more specific. Instead of wishing to be 17 again, he should have wished to go back 20 years in time.Yes, he becomes himself trapped inside his own 17-year-old body.
I attended a screening held by a radio station, which attracted mainly teenage girls who left their boyfriends behind. When Zac Efron took off his T-shirt, the four in front of me squealed as if there were buzzers in their seats. Now that he's a little older, Efron has a Tom Cruiseish charm, and a lot of confidence. Why Matthew Perry was cast as his adult self is hard to figure; does your head change its shape in 20 years?
[1]Halliday,M. A. K.Language as Social Semiotic[M]. London: Arnold,1978.
[2]胡壮麟,姜望其.语言学教程[M]. 北京大学出版社,2001.
[3]Halliday,M. A. K.An Introduction to Functional Grammar[M]. 外语教学与研究出版社;Edward Arnold( Publishers) Limited,2000.(2011)08-0000-00
Today, we watched a movie, the name of this movie was called:The day after tomorrow.What this movie speaks BE:A world happened to become cold affairs in the world,What to broadcast it is an etc. the region temperature nasty play in New York to descend in the movie, is almost each to descend more than ten degree.The sky still descends terrible hail, also having more afraid of of
Tornado, city in New York became to break city for an instant after being cut through by tornado, making the whole city become more without results one.
This really lets the person touch eyes shocking, make the person's heart can't fall calm once in a very long while, although exaggerate very in the movie, but we now not just so:world become warm...So ask the classmates to rise from the do-it-yourself, environmental protection, make our environments more beautiful!
还是一贯的梦工场的高水准,画面精致细腻,人物生动传神,故事情节曲折动人,最重要的是它以最简单易解的方式说明白了一个道理,那就是——世界上没有任何捷径和秘籍,唯一的制胜法门就是相信自己。
不想再说更多的剧情,因为它真的很出色。看的过程中,频频出现人们会意的笑声,整个氛围相当的轻松和惬意。这个片子做得非常地道,一点儿也没有是由西方人演绎的感觉,不论是故事还是其中传达的意境,不论是画面还是其中的细节,都是东方式的;唯一特别的可能就是出现的现代的口语,比如ok之类的。
最近,我看了一部极具“人情味”的动画片,它的名字就是《玩具总动员》。
它讲述的是:
胡迪是小主人安弟最喜欢的传统牛仔玩偶,他和其他玩具趁主人不在时,便会“活”起来一起玩闹。可是好景不常,最新奇的热门玩具巴斯光年来了,他让胡迪备受冷落。失宠的胡迪为了巩固自己的地位,只好处心积虑地想要赶走巴斯。最后,胡迪和巴斯不幸化敌为友的故事。
看完此片,我想到了那些以前被我丢弃的玩具,它们在黑暗的垃圾桶,废弃堆里,是否会伤心,是否会抱怨?我想是的,因为它们不仅仅是玩具,它们也是有思想的,当你的玩具被你遗忘的时候,他们也会难过的。
或许,你现在觉得那些老玩具已经不潮了,但是你在抛弃他们的时候,没有怀念过曾经与他们在一起度过的美好时光吗?
Everyone knows that Meryl Streep is the high priestess of drama, but she never gets enough credit for her comedy skills. That should change with The Devil Wears Prada, a sinfully funny, deliciously glossy take on the 2003 best seller by Lauren Weisberger, who denies writing it as a poison-pen letter to her former boss, Vogue editor Anna Wintour. The names have been changed, of course, to ward off lawsuits. Stepping up to the plate as imperious fashion editor Miranda Priestly, Streep knocks every laugh out of the park. More remarkably, she humanizes a character who was little more than a bitch in Manolos on the page.
Streep teams up hilariously with Anne Hathaway as Andy Sachs, the "smart fat girl" (she's a mere size 6 who applies for the job as Miranda's junior assistant at Runway magazine. Andy, a journalism major at Northwestern, had her eye on The New Yorker, but is told that if she can run the gantlet of Miranda for a year, there is no publishing Everest she can't climb. Before you can say "makeover,"Andy is transformed from a gawky giraffe into a swan who can trade up in lovers -- from sweet chef (Adrian Grenier to literary stud (Simon Baker -- and from cotton blends to chicest of Valentino, Chanel, Donna Karan, Bill Blass, Galliano and Prada. Guys who know squat about labels can take pleasure in the uberbabes wearing the threads.
Director David Frankel makes expert use of the light touch he brought to HBO's Entourage and Sex and the City. And screenwriter Aline Brosh McKenna leeches out the book's malice in favor of wicked sass. Does the movie bite the fashion hand that feeds it? You bet. But it also pays due respect to the artful details turning the wheels of an industry that only seems frivolous. There's no doubt Andy learns much from watching Miranda at work, even with all the insults and fool's errands. The script tries to paint Miranda into a corner -- the lonely careerist who can't keep a husband or find personal happiness -- but Streep won't wallow in the cliches of victimhood. In a party of a movie, her performance is a comic and dramatic tour de force. comic and dramatic tour de force.
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